Tabella acciai

LEGEND:  ++ = EXCELLENT,  + = GOOD,  - = AVERAGE,  -- = BAD

WELDING - SALDABILITA'

PRECIMET

AISI or UNS

DIN

AFNOR

Machining Lavorabilità

Quench hard.

Polishing

Magnetic

Age Harden.

MIG/TIG/WIG

Arc

Resistance

Autogenous

Laser

AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS

301

301

1.4310 - X 10 CrNi 18 8

Z 12 CN 17 07

-

no

-

no

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

302

302

1.4319 - X 5 CrNiN 17 8

Z 10 CN 18 09

-

no

-

no

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

303

303

1.4305 - X 8 CrNiS 18 9

Z 8 CNF 18 09

+

no

-

no

no

no

no

no

no

no

304

304

1.4301 - X 5 CrNi 18 10

Z 6 CN 18 09

-

no

-

no

no

yes

yes

yes

-

yes

304 L (1.4306)

304 L

1.4306 - X 2 CrNi 19 11

Z 3 CN 18 10

-

no

+

no

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

304 L (1.4307)

304 L

1.4307 - X 2 CrNi 18 9

Z 3 CN 19 09

-

no

+

no

no

yes

yes

yes

-

yes

316

316

1.4401 - X 5 Cr NiMo 17 12 2

Z 6 CND 17 11

-

no

-

no

no

yes

yes

yes

-

yes

316 L (1.4404)

316 L

1.4404 - X 2 CrNiMo 17 12 2

Z 2 CND 17 12

-

no

+

no

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

316 L (1.4435)

316 L

1.4435 - X 2 CrNiMo 18 14 3

Z 3 CND 18 14 03

-

no

+

no

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

316 L (medical)

316 L

1.4441 - X 2 CrNiMo 18 15 3

Z 2 CND 17 13

--

no

+

no

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

316 LS

316 LS

-

-

++

no

-

no

no

yes

yes

no

no

no

PX

-

1.4427 So

Z3 CNDF 17 13

++

no

+

no

no

yes

yes

no

no

yes

PM

316 L

1.4435 - X 2 CrNiMo 18 14 3

Z 3 CND 18 14 03

+

no

+

no

no

yes

yes

no

no

yes

316 L UGIMA

316 L

1.4435 - X 2 CrNiMo 18 14 3

Z 3 CND 18 14 03

+

no

-

no

no

yes

yes

no

no

yes

904 L

904 L

1.4539 - X 1 NiCrMoCu 25 20 5

Z 2 NC DU 25 20

--

no

+

no

no

yes

yes

yes

no

no

MARTENSITIC AND FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS

416

416

1.4005 - X 12 CrS 13

Z 12 CF 13

+

yes

+

yes

no

no

no

no

no

no

420 (1.4021)

420

1.4021 - X 20 Cr 13

Z 20 C 13

-

yes

+

yes

no

yes

yes

no

no

no

420 (1.4028)

420

1.4028 - X 30 Cr 13

Z 30 C 13

-

yes

+

yes

no

no

yes

no

no

no

420 (1.4034)

420

1.4034 - X 46 Cr 13

Z 44 C 14

-

yes

+

yes

no

no

yes

no

no

no

420 F

420F

1.4035 - X 45 CrS 13

-

+

yes

+

yes

no

no

yes

no

no

no

430

430

1.4016 - X 6 Cr 17

Z 8 C 17

-

no

-

yes

no

yes

yes

yes

no

yes

430 F

430

1.4104 - X 14 CrMoS 17

Z 13 CF 17

++

no

-

yes

no

no

no

no

no

no

431

431

1.4057 - X 17 CrNi 16 2

Z 15 CN 16 02

-

yes

+

yes

no

yes

yes

no

no

no

1.4122

-

1.4122 - X 39 CrMo 17 1

Z 38 CD 16-01

-

yes

+

yes

no

yes

yes

no

no

no

AISI

301

DIN

1.4310 - X 10 CrNi 18 8

AFNOR

Z 11 CN 17-08

General characteristics

The simplest austenitic stainless steel, basically a light version of the grade 1.4301 (AISI 304). Corrosion resistance is inferior to that of the 316 series but is globally superior to that of the ferritic or martensitic stainless steels. Furthermore, the large Carbon tolerance may increase the susceptibility to intergranular corrosion.
This grade is used for springs up to a service temperature of 300°C.
Usually, the grade 1.4310 (AISI 301 type) is favored for strips whereas the 1.4319 (302 type) is used for wires.

Machinability Quench hardening Polishing Magnetic
Age hardening

-
no
-
no no

Welding

MIG,TIG,WIG
Arc Resistance Autogenous Laser

yes yes yes yes
yes

Chemical composition [%]

C

Si

Mn

P

S

Cr

Mo

Ni

Others

0.05 - 0.15

< 2

< 2

< 0.045

< 0.015

16 - 19

< 0.8

6 - 9.5

N < 0.11 - Cu < 1

Physical properties

Density
r [kg·m-3]

Electrical resistivity
r [µW·m]

Specific heat
Cp [J·kg-1·K-1]

Thermal conductivity
l [W·m-1·K-1]

7 900

0,72

500

16,2

Coefficient of thermal expansion
a [10-6·°C-1] between 20°C and

Elastic modulus
E [GPa]

100°C

200°C

300°C

400°C

500°C

600°C

700°C

200 at 20°C

17,2

17,5

17,8

18,1

18,4

Mechanical properties

State

Yield strength
Rp0.2 [MPa]

Tensile strength Rm [MPa]

Elongation
A5  [%]

Vickers Hardness [HV]

20°C

100°C

200°C

300°C

Annealed

205

515 - 620

40

160 - 220

Full hard

965

1 280

5

400

Thermal treatments

Type

Temperature
[°C]

Time
[minutes]

Protective atmosphere

Cooling

Annealing

1020 - 1080

15 - 60

H2   + N2   or cracked NH3

Rapid

Surface treatments

Type

Solution

Remarks

Pickling

20 - 50% HNO3

Hot or at room temperature

Pickling

20 - 50% HNO3   + 2 - 6%  Na2Cr2O7.2H2O

Less aggressive than above

Fabrication characteristics

This steel can easily be cold rolled, drawn and stamped. Suitable tooling is required because of its high work hardening rate. This alloy becomes slightly magnetic with increased cold working. This stainless steel should not be maintained for a long time between 500°C and 900°C, because of possible precipitation of chromium carbides at grain boundaries. A consecutive annealing for carbide dissolution is necessary, followed by rapid cooling to prevent a new precipitation. Quenching is recommended independently of the size of the pieces.

Welding, brazing and soldering

This steel can easily be welded by any conventional joining technique, except the oxyacetylene torch. Annealing and quenching are recommended after welding to prevent the risk of intergranular corrosion.

AISI

302

DIN

-

AFNOR

Z 10 CN 18 09

General characteristics

This steel essentially is a low carbon 1.4310 grade. Accordingly, it exhibits a lower susceptibility to intergra- nular corrosion, but its general corrosion resistance remains largely inferior to that of austenitic grades of the type 304L or 316.
Usually, the grade 1.4310 (AISI 301 type) is favored for strips whereas the 1.4319 (302 type) is used for wires.

Machinability Quench hardening Polishing Magnetic
Age hardening

-
no
-
no no

Welding

MIG,TIG,WIG
Arc Resistance Autogenous Laser

yes yes yes yes
yes

Chemical composition [%]

C

Si

Mn

P

S

Cr

Mo

Ni

Others

< 0.05

< 1

< 2

< 0.045

< 0.015

16 - 18

-

7 - 8

N = 0.04 - 0.08

Physical properties

Density
r [kg·m-3]

Electrical resistivity
r [µW·m]

Specific heat
Cp [J·kg-1·K-1]

Thermal conductivity
l [W·m-1·K-1]

7 900

0,72

500

16,2

Coefficient of thermal expansion
a [10-6·°C-1] between 20°C and

Elastic modulus
E [GPa]

100°C

200°C

300°C

400°C

500°C

600°C

700°C

193 at 20°C

17,2

17,5

17,8

18,1

18,4

Mechanical properties

State

Yield strength
Rp0.2 [MPa]

Tensile strength Rm [MPa]

Elongation
A5  [%]

Vickers Hardness [HV]

20°C

100°C

200°C

300°C

Annealed

205 - 310

515 - 620

30 - 40

160 - 220

Full hard

965

1 275

5

390

Thermal treatments

Type

Temperature
[°C]

Time
[minutes]

Protective atmosphere

Cooling

Annealing

1 020 -1 080

15 - 60

H2   + N2   or cracked NH3

Rapid

Surface treatments

Type

Solution

Remarks

Pickling

20 - 50% HNO3

Hot or at room temperature

Pickling

20 - 50% HNO3   + 2 - 6%  Na2Cr2O7.2H2O

Less aggressive than above

Fabrication characteristics

This steel can easily be cold rolled, drawn and stamped. Suitable tooling is required because of its high work hardening rate. This alloy becomes slightly magnetic with increased cold working. This stainless steel should not be maintained for a long time between 500°C and 900°C, because of possible precipitation of chromium carbides at grain boundaries. A consecutive annealing for carbide dissolution is necessary, followed by rapid cooling to prevent a new precipitation. Quenching is recommended independently of the size of the pieces.

Welding, brazing and soldering

This steel can easily be welded by any conventional joining technique, except the oxyacetylene torch. Annealing and quenching are recommended after welding to prevent the risk of intergranular corrosion.

AISI

303

DIN

1.4305 - X 8 CrNiS 18 9

AFNOR

Z 8 CNF 18 09

General characteristics

Austenitic stainless steel with improved machinability through the addition of 0.15 to 0.35 % of sulfur; this additive is dispersed as soft inclusions throughout the matrix, thus breaking chips and lubricating tools. However, these additives limit the weldability and reduce the corrosion resistance (crevice corrosion).
For a superior corrosion resistance and an improved weldability at equivalent machinability, it is recommen- ded to use PX stainless steel which is elaborated under strict control of the sulfur distribution and a special casting technology.
This stainless steel is not recommended for direct and prolonged contact with skin.

Machinability Quench hardening Polishing Magnetic
Age hardening

+
no
-
no no

Welding

MIG,TIG,WIG
Arc Resistance Autogenous Laser

no no no no
no

Chemical composition [%]

C

Si

Mn

P

S

Cr

Mo

Ni

Others

< 0.1

< 1.00

< 2.00

< 0.045

0.15 - 0.35

17 - 19

-

8 - 10

Cu<1; N< 0.11

Physical properties

Density
r [kg·m-3]

Electrical resistivity
r [µW·m]

Specific heat
Cp [J·kg-1·K-1]

Thermal conductivity
l [W·m-1·K-1]

7 900

0,73

500

15

Coefficient of thermal expansion
a [10-6·°C-1] between 20°C and

Elastic modulus
E [GPa]

100°C

200°C

300°C

400°C

500°C

600°C

700°C

200 at 20°C

16,0

17

17

18

18

18,5

18,5

Mechanical properties

State

Yield strength
Rp0.2 [MPa]

Tensile strength Rm [MPa]

Elongation
A5  [%]

Vickers Hardness [HV]

20°C

100°C

200°C

300°C

Annealed

205

-

-

-

500 - 700

50

160 - 200

Full hard

1 200

1 300

3

400

Thermal treatments

Time
[minutes]

Protective atmosphere

15 - 60

H2   + N2   or cracked NH3

Surface treatments

Solution

Remarks

20 - 50% HNO3   + 2 - 6%  Na2Cr2O7.2H2O

Only suitable in annealed condition

12% HNO3   + 4% CuSO4.2H2O

Less aggressive than above

Fabrication characteristics

This steel can easily be cold rolled, drawn and stamped. Suitable tooling is required because of its high work hardening rate. This alloy becomes slightly magnetic with increased cold working. This stainless steel should not be maintained for a long time between 500°C and 900°C, because of possible precipitation of chromium carbides at grain boundaries. A consecutive annealing for carbide dissolution is necessary, followed by rapid cooling to prevent a new precipitation. Quenching is recommended independently of the size of the pieces.

Welding, brazing and soldering

Because of its high sulfur content and large tolerance with carbon content, this material is not recommended for welding. In fact, the sulfur inclusions easily give rise to porosity and blowholes. Chromium carbide precipitation at grain boundaries can reduce corrosion resistance.

AISI

304

DIN

1.4301 - X 5 CrNi 18 10

AFNOR

Z 6 CN 18 09

General characteristics

Austenitic stainless steel of intermediate corrosion  resistance.
The high tolerance in carbon presents a risk for the precipitation of chromium carbides in the grain bounda- ries during heat treatment. These carbides reduce the resistance to intergranular corrosion. In applications presenting the risk of intergranular corrosion, the low carbon grade 304 L is preferably used.
In case of complex machining operation, due to the limited machinability of the steel 304, consider to use a free machining grade (PX, 316 LS) or a modified 316 L grade (PM) when a high corrosion resistance is required.
For applications in chlorine environments or sea water, a molybdenum containing steel of type 316L is to be preferred.
For direct and prolonged contact with skin, the 316L type is preferred.

Machinability Quench hardening Polishing Magnetic
Age hardening

-
no
-
no no

Welding

MIG,TIG,WIG
Arc Resistance Autogenous Laser

yes yes yes
-
yes

Chemical composition [%]

C

Si

Mn

P

S

Cr

Mo

Ni

Others

< 0.07

< 1.00

< 2.00

< 0.045

< 0.015*

17.0 - 19.5

-

8.0 - 10.5

N < 0.11

*S < 0.03% for bars, wires, profiles and corresponding semi-products

Physical properties

Density
r [kg·m-3]

Electrical resistivity
r [µW·m]

Specific heat
Cp [J·kg-1·K-1]

Thermal conductivity
l [W·m-1·K-1]

7 900

0,73

500

15

Coefficient of thermal expansion
a [10-6·°C-1] between 20°C and

Elastic modulus
E [GPa]

100°C

200°C

300°C

400°C

500°C

600°C

700°C

200 at 20°C

16,0

17

17

18

18

18,5

18,5

Mechanical properties

State

Yield strength
Rp0.2 [MPa]

Tensile strength Rm [MPa]

Elongation
A5  [%]

Vickers Hardness [HV]

20°C

100°C

200°C

300°C

Annealed

200

157

127

110

500 - 700

45

160 - 200

Full hard

965

1 275

4

390

Thermal treatments

Protective atmosphere

H2   + N2   or cracked NH3

Surface treatments

Solution

Remarks

6 - 25% HNO3  + 0.5 - 8% HF

Only suitable in annealed condition,  hot

20 - 50% HNO3

Hot

Fabrication characteristics

This steel can easily be cold rolled, drawn and stamped. Suitable tooling is required because of its high work hardening rate. This alloy becomes slightly magnetic with increased cold working. This stainless steel should not be maintained for a long time between 500°C and 900°C, because of possible precipitation of chromium carbides at grain boundaries. A consecutive annealing for carbide dissolution is necessary, followed by rapid cooling to prevent a new precipitation. Quenching is recommended independently of the size of the pieces. This steel is relatively difficult to machine, modified steels such as PX, 316LS or PM with the addition of chip breaking additives may be preferred.

Welding, brazing and soldering

This steel can easily be welded by any conventional joining technique, except the oxyacetylene torch. Annealing and quenching are recommended after welding to prevent the risk of intergranular corrosion.
The grade 304 L is preferably used for welded constructions as this low carbon grade will not be sensitized.

AISI

304 L

DIN

1.4306 - X 2 CrNi 19 11

AFNOR

Z 3 CN 18 10

General characteristics

Austenitic stainless steel with a corrosion resistance intermediate in between 302 and 316.
The limited carbon content prevents the intergranular corrosion but as no molybdenum is present, the resistance to oxidizing acids as well as to pitting corrosion are limited.
In case of complex machining operation, consider to use a free machining grade (PX, 316 LS) or a modified 316 L grade (PM) when a high corrosion resistance is required.
For applications in chlorine environments or sea water, a molybdenum containing steel of type 316L is to be preferred.
For direct and prolonged contact with skin, the 316L type is preferred.

Machinability Quench hardening Polishing Magnetic
Age hardening

-
no
+
no no

Welding

MIG,TIG,WIG
Arc Resistance Autogenous Laser

yes yes yes yes
yes

Chemical composition [%]

C

Si

Mn

P

S

Cr

Mo

Ni

Others

< 0.030

< 1.00

< 2.00

< 0.045

< 0.015*

18.0 - 20.0

-

10 - 12

N < 0.11

*S < 0.03% for bars, wires, profiles and corresponding semi-products

Physical properties

Density
r [kg·m-3]

Electrical resistivity
r [µW·m]

Specific heat
Cp [J·kg-1·K-1]

Thermal conductivity
l [W·m-1·K-1]

7 900

0,73

500

15

Coefficient of thermal expansion
a [10-6·°C-1] between 20°C and

Elastic modulus
E [GPa]

100°C

200°C

300°C

400°C

500°C

600°C

700°C

200 at 20°C

16,0

17

17

18

18

18,5

18,5

Mechanical properties

State

Yield strength
Rp0.2 [MPa]

Tensile strength Rm [MPa]

Elongation
A5  [%]

Vickers Hardness [HV]

20°C

100°C

200°C

300°C

Annealed

190

147

118

100

500 - 600

45

150 - 180

Full hard

965

1 275

4

390

Thermal treatments

Type

Temperature
[°C]

Time
[minutes]

Protective atmosphere

Cooling

Annealing

1 020 - 1 080

15 - 60

H2   + N2   or cracked NH3

Rapid

Surface treatments

Type

Solution

Remarks

Pickling

6 - 25% HNO3  + 0.5 - 8% HF

Only suitable in annealed condition,  hot

Passivation

20 - 50% HNO3

Hot

Fabrication characteristics

This steel can easily be cold rolled, drawn and stamped. Suitable tooling is required because of its high work hardening rate. This alloy becomes slightly magnetic with increased cold working. This stainless steel should not be maintained for a long time between 500°C and 900°C, because of possible precipitation of chromium carbides at grain boundaries. A consecutive annealing for carbide dissolution is necessary, followed by rapid cooling to prevent a new precipitation. Quenching is only required for big cross sections. This steel is relati- vely difficult to machine, modified steels such as PX or PM with the addition of chip breaking additives may be preferred.

Welding, brazing and soldering

This steel can easily be welded by any conventional joining technique, except the oxyacetylene torch. Annealing and quenching are necessary after welding.

Available products

Sheets, ribbons, wires, profiles, tubes, dimensions and tolerances on request.

AISI

304 L

DIN

1.4307 - X 2 CrNi 18 9

AFNOR

Z 3 CN 19 09

General characteristics

Austenitic stainless steel with an average corrosion  resistance.
The limited carbon content prevents the intergranular corrosion but as no molybdenum is present, the resistance to oxidizing acids as well as to pitting corrosion are limited.
In case of complex machining operation, consider to use a free machining grade when a high corrosion resistance is required.
For applications in chlorine environments or sea water, a molybdenum containing steel of type 316L is to be preferred.
For direct and prolonged contact with skin, the 316L type is preferred.
This steel is between the 1.4301 and the 1.4306, and replace the steels stabilized with Ti (for example: 1.4541).

Machinability Quench hardening Polishing Magnetic
Age hardening

-
no
+
no no

Welding

MIG,TIG,WIG
Arc Resistance Autogenous Laser

yes yes yes
-
yes

Chemical composition [%]

C

Si

Mn

P

S

Cr

Mo

Ni

Others

< 0.030

< 1.00

< 2.00

< 0.045

< 0.015*

17.5 - 19.5

-

8 - 10

N < 0.11

*S < 0.03% for bars, wires, profiles and corresponding semi-products

Physical properties

Density
r [kg·m-3]

Electrical resistivity
r [µW·m]

Specific heat
Cp [J·kg-1·K-1]

Thermal conductivity
l [W·m-1·K-1]

7 900

0,73

500

15

Coefficient of thermal expansion
a [10-6·°C-1] between 20°C and

Elastic modulus
E [GPa]

100°C

200°C

300°C

400°C

500°C

600°C

700°C

200 at 20°C

16,0

16,5

17

17,5

18

Mechanical properties

State

Yield strength
Rp0.2 [MPa]

Tensile strength Rm [MPa]

Elongation
A5  [%]

Vickers Hardness [HV]

20°C

100°C

200°C

300°C

Annealed

310

620

≥ 45

≤ 225

Thermal treatments

Time
[minutes]

Protective atmosphere

Surface treatments

Solution

Remarks

6 - 25% HNO3  + 0.5 - 8% HF

Only suitable in annealed condition,  hot

20 - 50% HNO3

Hot

Fabrication characteristics

This steel can easily be cold rolled, drawn and stamped. Suitable tooling is required because of its high work hardening rate. This alloy becomes slightly magnetic with increased cold working. This stainless steel should not be maintained for a long time between 500°C and 900°C, because of possible precipitation of chromium carbides at grain boundaries. A consecutive annealing for carbide dissolution is necessary, followed by rapid cooling to prevent a new precipitation. Quenching is recommended independently of the size of the pieces.

Welding, brazing and soldering

This steel can easily be welded by any conventional joining technique and  no heat treatment is nessesary after welding.

Available products

Sheets, ribbons, wires, profiles, tubes, dimensions and tolerances on request.

AISI

316

DIN

1.4401 - X 5 CrNiMo 17 12 2

AFNOR

Z 6 CND 17 11

General characteristics

Austenitic stainless steel with a good corrosion resistance .
However, the large tolerance in carbon presents a risk for the precipitation of chromium carbides in the grain boundaries during heat treatment. These carbides reduce the resistance to intergranular corrosion. In this case, the 316 L low carbon grade is recommended.
In case of complex machining operations, such as the drilling of long but narrow holes for instance, modified steel types (e.g. 316L PM) with the addition of chip breaking additives may be preferred.
This stainless steel can be used for products in direct and prolonged contact with skin.

Machinability Quench hardening Polishing Magnetic
Age hardening

-
no
-
no no

Welding

MIG,TIG,WIG
Arc Resistance Autogenous Laser

yes yes yes
-
yes

Chemical composition according to DIN  [%]

C

Si

Mn

P

S

Cr

Mo

Ni

Others

< 0.07

< 1.00

< 2.00

< 0.045

< 0.015*

16.5 - 18.5

2.00 - 2.50

10 - 13

N < 0.11

*S < 0.03% for bars, wires, profiles and corresponding semi-products

Physical properties

Density
r [kg·m-3]

Electrical resistivity
r [µW·m]

Specific heat
Cp [J·kg-1·K-1]

Thermal conductivity
l [W·m-1·K-1]

7 980

0,75

500

15

Coefficient of thermal expansion
a [10-6·°C-1] between 20°C and

Elastic modulus
E [GPa]

100°C

200°C

300°C

400°C

500°C

600°C

700°C

200 at 20°C

16,5

17,5

17,5

18,5

18,5

19

19,5

Mechanical properties

State

Yield strength
Rp0.2 [MPa]

Tensile strength Rm [MPa]

Elongation
A5  [%]

Vickers Hardness [HV]

20°C

100°C

200°C

300°C

Annealed

205 - 310

177

147

127

515 - 620

40 - 50

160 - 190

Full hard

1 300

1 400

3

430

Thermal treatments

Type

Temperature
[°C]

Time
[minutes]

Protective atmosphere

Cooling

Annealing

1 020 - 1 080

15 - 60

H2   + N2   or cracked NH3

Quench (water, oil)

Surface treatments

Type

Solution

Remarks

Pickling

6 - 25% HNO3  + 0.5 - 8% HF

Only suitable in annealed condition,  hot

Passivation

20 - 50% HNO3

Hot

Fabrication characteristics

This steel can easily be cold rolled, drawn and stamped. Suitable tooling is required because of its high work hardening rate. This alloy becomes slightly magnetic with increased cold working. This stainless steel should not be maintained for a long time between 500°C and 900°C, because of possible precipitation of chromium carbides at grain boundaries. A consecutive annealing for carbide dissolution is necessary, followed by rapid cooling to prevent a new precipitation. Quenching is recommended independently of the size of the pieces. This steel is relatively difficult to machine, modified steels such as PX or PM with the addition of chip breaking additives may be preferred.

Welding, brazing and soldering

This steel can easily be welded by any conventional joining technique, except the oxyacetylene torch. Annealing and quenching are recommended after welding to prevent the risk of intergranular corrosion. For welded construction, 316 L type is preferred to avoid intergranular corrosion

Available products

Sheets, ribbons, wires, profiles, tubes, dimensions and tolerances on request.

AISI

316 L

DIN

1.4404 - X 2 CrNiMo 17 12 2

AFNOR

Z 2 CND 17 12

General characteristics

Austenitic stainless steel with an excellent corrosion resistance. Its general characteristics are comparable to that of the grade 316 L (1.4435), but it differs from the latter in a slightly lower Nickel and Molybdenum content.
In case of complex machining operations, such as the drilling of long but narrow holes, modified steel types (e.g. 316L PM) with the addition of chip breaking additives may be preferred.
This steel complies with the standard EN 1811 and can be used for products in direct and prolonged contact  with skin.

Machinability Quench hardening Polishing Magnetic
Age hardening

-
no
+
no no

Welding

MIG,TIG,WIG
Arc Resistance Autogenous Laser

yes yes yes yes
yes

Chemical composition according to DIN  [%]

C

Si

Mn

P

S

Cr

Mo

Ni

Others

< 0.03

< 1

< 2

< 0.045

< 0.015*

16.5 - 18.5

2 - 2.5

10 - 13

N < 0.11

*S < 0.03% for bars, wires, profiles and corresponding semi-products

Physical properties

Density
r [kg·m-3]

Electrical resistivity
r [µW·m]

Specific heat
Cp [J·kg-1·K-1]

Thermal conductivity
l [W·m-1·K-1]

7 980

0,75

500

15

Coefficient of thermal expansion
a [10-6·°C-1] between 20°C and

Elastic modulus
E [GPa]

100°C

200°C

300°C

400°C

500°C

600°C

700°C

200 at 20°C

16,5

17,5

17,5

18,5

18,5

19

19,5

172 at 400°C

Mechanical properties

State

Yield strength
Rp0.2 [MPa]

Tensile strength Rm [MPa]

Elongation
A5  [%]

Vickers Hardness [HV]

20°C

100°C

200°C

300°C

Annealed

190

166

137

118

490 - 690

≥ 45

150 - 200

Full hard

1 300

1 400

5

430

Thermal treatments

Time
[minutes]

Protective atmosphere

Cooling

15 - 60

H2   + N2   or cracked NH3

Rapid

Surface treatments

Solution

Remarks

6 - 25% HNO3  + 0.5 - 8% HF

Only suitable in annealed condition,  hot

20 - 50% HNO3

Hot

Fabrication characteristics

This steel can easily be cold rolled, drawn and stamped. However, suitable tooling is required because of its high work hardening rate. This alloy may become slightly magnetic with increasing cold working.
This stainless steel should not be maintained for a long time between 500°C and 900°C, because of possible precipitation of chromium carbides at grain boundaries. A consecutive annealing for carbide dissolution is necessary, followed by rapid cooling to prevent a new pre- cipitation. Quenching is only required for big cross sections.
The pure steel 1.4404 is relatively difficult to machine, but there exist special executions with improved machinability, such as the steel Px  or PM.

Welding, brazing and soldering

This steel can easily be welded by any conventional joining technique, except the oxyacetylene torch. Depending on the welding conditions, some residual ferrite may form along the welding line.
There is no need for any post-weld heat treatment. Welding electrodes: 1.4430, 1.4576.

Available products

Sheets, ribbons, wires, profiles, tubes, dimensions and tolerances on request.

AISI

316 L

DIN

1.4435 - X 2 CrNiMo 18 14 3

AFNOR

Z 3 CND 18 14 03

General characteristics

Austenitic stainless steel with an excellent corrosion resistance.
The low carbon content effectively reduces the susceptibility to intergranular corrosion. The presence of molybdenum enhances the resistance to oxidizing acids as well as to pitting corrosion.
In case of complex machining operations, such as the drilling of long but narrow holes for instance, modified steel types (PM 1.4435) with the addition of chip breaking additives may be preferred.
This steel complies with the standard EN 1811 and can be used for products in direct and prolonged contact  with skin.

Machinability Quench hardening Polishing Magnetic
Age hardening

-
no
+
no no

Welding

MIG,TIG,WIG
Arc Resistance Autogenous Laser

yes yes yes yes
yes

Chemical composition according to DIN  [%]

C

Si

Mn

P

S

Cr

Mo

Ni

Others

< 0.03

< 1

< 2

< 0.045

< 0.015*

17 - 19

2.5 - 3

12.5 - 15

N < 0.11

*S < 0.03% for bars, wires, profiles and corresponding semi-products

Physical properties

Density
r [kg·m-3]

Electrical resistivity
r [µW·m]

Specific heat
Cp [J·kg-1·K-1]

Thermal conductivity
l [W·m-1·K-1]

7 980

0,75

500

15

Coefficient of thermal expansion
a [10-6·°C-1] between 20°C and

Elastic modulus
E [GPa]

100°C

200°C

300°C

400°C

500°C

600°C

700°C

200 at 20°C

16,5

17,5

17,5

18,5

18,5

19

19,5

172 at 400°C

Mechanical properties

State

Yield strength
Rp0.2 [MPa]

Tensile strength Rm [MPa]

Elongation
A5  [%]

Vickers Hardness [HV]

20°C

100°C

200°C

300°C

Annealed

190

166

137

118

460 - 680

≥ 45

160 - 200

Full hard

1 300

1 400

5

430

Thermal treatments

Time
[minutes]

Protective atmosphere

15 - 60

H2   + N2   or cracked NH3

Surface treatments

Solution

Remarks

6 - 25% HNO3  + 0.5 - 8% HF

Only suitable in annealed condition,  hot

20 - 50% HNO3

Hot

Fabrication characteristics

This steel can easily be cold rolled, drawn and stamped. However, suitable tooling is required because of its high work hardening rate. This alloy may become slightly magnetic with increasing cold working.
This stainless steel should not be maintained for a long time between 500°C and 900°C, because of possible precipitation of chromium carbides at grain boundaries. A consecutive annealing for carbide dissolution is necessary, followed by rapid cooling to prevent a new pre- cipitation. Quenching is only required for big cross sections.
The pure steel 1.4435 is relatively difficult to machine, but there exist special executions with improved machinability, such as the steel PX  or PM.

Welding, brazing and soldering

This steel can easily be welded by any conventional joining technique, except the oxyacetylene torch. Depending on the welding conditions, some residual ferrite may form along the welding line.
There is no need for any post-weld heat treatment. Welding electrodes: 1.4430, 1.4576.

Available products

Sheets, ribbons, wires, profiles, tubes, dimensions and tolerances on request.

AISI

316 L

DIN

1.4441 - 316 L medical

AFNOR

Z 2 CND 17 13

General characteristics

Austenitic stainless steel with similar composition as 316 L, but with restricted tolerance for impurities. This stainless steel presents a greater corrosion resistance as compared to 316 L and is particularly adapted for medical applications (e.g. Implants). This steel complies with the standard EN 1811 and can be used for products in direct and prolonged contact with skin.
Though the tolerances of the critical impurities (carbone, sulphure, phosphorous etc.) is identical among the standards for implant material (ISO 5832-1, ASTM F 138), the specification of the main alloying constituents is slightly different. We here make reference to the DIN standard.

Machinability Quench hardening Polishing Magnetic
Age hardening

--
no
+
no no

Welding

MIG,TIG,WIG
Arc Resistance Autogenous Laser

yes yes yes yes
yes

Chemical composition according to DIN  [%]

C

Si

Mn

P

S

Cr

Mo

Ni

Others

< 0.03

< 1.0

< 2.0

< 0.025

< 0.010

17 - 19

2.5 - 3.2

13 - 15.5

N<0.1, Cu<0.5

Physical properties

Density
r [kg·m-3]

Electrical resistivity
r [µW·m]

Specific heat
Cp [J·kg-1·K-1]

Thermal conductivity
l [W·m-1·K-1]

7 980

0,75

500

15

Coefficient of thermal expansion
a [10-6·°C-1] between 20°C and

Elastic modulus
E [GPa]

100°C

200°C

300°C

400°C

500°C

600°C

700°C

200 at 20°C

16,5

17,5

17,5

18,5

18,5

19

19,5

172 at 400°C

Mechanical properties

State

Yield strength
Rp0.2 [MPa]

Tensile strength Rm [MPa]

Elongation
A5  [%]

Vickers Hardness [HV]

20°C

100°C

200°C

300°C

Annealed

190

166

137

118

460 - 680

≥ 45

160 - 200

Full hard

1 300

1 400

5

430

Thermal treatments

Time
[minutes]

Protective atmosphere

15 - 60

H2   + N2   or cracked NH3

Surface treatments

Solution

Remarks

6 - 25% HNO3  + 0.5 - 8% HF

Only suitable in annealed condition,  hot

20 - 50% HNO3

Hot

Fabrication characteristics

This steel can easily be cold rolled, drawn and stamped. However, suitable tooling is required because of its high work hardening rate. This alloy may become slightly magnetic with increasing cold working. This steel is difficult to machine.
Special care during fabrication and a strict quality control must be adopted to obtain the "medical" label. Prescriptions differ among the various standards. Please contact us for further information.

Welding, brazing and soldering

This steel can easily be welded by any conventional joining technique, except the oxyacetylene torch. Depending on the welding conditions, some residual ferrite may form along the welding line.
There is no need for any post-weld heat treatment. Welding electrodes: 1.4430, 1.4576.
Special prescriptions must be full filled to respect standard (see "Fabrication characteristics")

Available products

Sheets, ribbons, wires, profiles, tubes, dimensions and tolerances on request.

AISI

904 L

DIN

1.4539 - X 1 NiCrMoCu 25 20  5

AFNOR

Z 2 NC DU 25 20

General characteristics

This steel with high Nickel and Molybdenum contents presents improved corrosion resistance as compare to 316L. It is used in the chemical industry for pipes and tank in contact with corrosive fluids.
Machining is more difficult than with conventional 316 L.
This steel complies with the standard EN 1811 and can be used for products in direct and prolonged contact  with skin.

Machinability Quench hardening Polishing Magnetic
Age hardening

--
no
+
no no

Welding

MIG,TIG,WIG
Arc Resistance Autogenous Laser

yes yes yes no
no

Chemical composition according to DIN  [%]

C

Si

Mn

P

S

Cr

Mo

Ni

Others

< 0.020

< 0.70

< 2.00

< 0.030

< 0.010

19 - 21

4 - 5

24 - 26

Cu = 1.2 - 2.0

Physical properties

Density
r [kg·m-3]

Electrical resistivity
r [µW·m]

Specific heat
Cp [J·kg-1·K-1]

Thermal conductivity
l [W·m-1·K-1]

8 000

1

450

12

Coefficient of thermal expansion
a [10-6·°C-1] between 20°C and

Elastic modulus
E [GPa]

100°C

200°C

300°C

400°C

500°C

600°C

700°C

195 at 20°C

15,8

16,1

16,5

16,9

17,3

-

-

165 at 400°C

Mechanical properties

State

Yield strength
Rp0.2 [MPa]

Tensile strength Rm [MPa]

Elongation
A5  [%]

Vickers Hardness [HV]

20°C

100°C

200°C

300°C

Annealed

220

175

155

135

490

≥ 35

150

Full hard

1 300

1 400

3

430

Thermal treatments

Time
[minutes]

Protective atmosphere

Cooling

15 - 60

H2   + N2   or cracked NH3

Rapid

Surface treatments

Solution

Remarks

6 - 25% HNO3  + 0.5 - 8% HF

Only suitable in annealed condition,  hot

20 - 50% HNO3

Hot

Fabrication characteristics

This steel can easily be cold rolled, drawn and stamped. However, suitable tooling is required because of its high work hardening rate.    This steel is relatively difficult to machine, modified steels such as PX or PM with the addition of chip breaking additives may be preferred.

Welding, brazing and soldering

This steel can easily be welded by any conventional joining technique, except the oxyacetylene torch. Because of its pure austenitic struc- ture, cracks may appear when welded with non optimized parameters.
There is no need for any post-weld heat treatment. Welding electrodes: 1.4539

AISI

416

DIN

1.4005 - X 12 CrS 13

AFNOR

Z 12 CF 13

General characteristics

Quench-hardenable ferro-martensitic stainless steel with enhanced machinability and good chip breakage. Typical applications are A wide variety of screw machine parts including nuts, bolts, screws, gears and pinions, valve trim, shafts and axles.

Machinability Quench hardening Polishing Magnetic
Age hardening

+
yes
+
yes no

Welding

MIG,TIG,WIG
Arc Resistance Autogenous Laser

no no no no
no

Chemical composition according to DIN  [%]

C

Si

Mn

P

S

Cr

Mo

0.26 - 0.35

< 1.00

< 1.50

< 0.040

0.15 - 0.35

12.0 - 14.0

< 0.6

* For long products or products to be machined, S < 0.030 %

Physical properties

Density
r [kg·m-3]

Electrical resistivity
r [µW·m]

Specific heat
Cp [J·kg-1·K-1]

Thermal conductivity
l [W·m-1·K-1]

7 700

0,6

460

30

Coefficient of thermal expansion
a [10-6·°C-1] between 20°C and

Elastic modulus
E [GPa]

100°C

200°C

300°C

400°C

500°C

600°C

700°C

215 at 20°C

10,5

11

11,5

12

12

-

-

Mechanical properties

State

Yield strength
Rp0.2 [MPa]

Tensile strength Rm [MPa]

Elongation
A5  [%]

Vickers Hardness [HV]

20°C

100°C

200°C

300°C

Annealed

275

515

≥ 30

≥ 155

Quench harden.

≥ 450

650 - 850

≥ 12

240

Thermal treatments

Time
[minutes]

Protective atmosphere

Cooling

30

30°C/h until 600°C then air

Air (quickly) or oil

60

Air

Surface treatments

Solution

Remarks

20 - 50% HNO3

Hot or at room temperature

20 - 50% HNO3   + 2 - 6%  Na2Cr2O7.2H2O

Less aggressive than above

Fabrication characteristics

All hot work procedures should commence following uniform heating to 1150°C - 1230°C and cool in air.  Hot work below 930°C may    result in cracking. This alloy will accept only minor cold working. Severe deformation will result in cracking. Moreover, the temperature range from 425°C to 525°C must be avoided, because even if this steel becomes very hard (Rm ≈ 1500MPa), its impact resistance beco- mes very low.

Welding, brazing and soldering

Welding of any type is not recommended, as the high sulfur content creates porosity.

AISI

420

DIN

1.4021 - X 20 Cr 13

AFNOR

Z 20 C 13

General characteristics

Quench-hardenable ferro-martensitic stainless steel recommended in high wear applications. Typical  applications are cutlery, valve parts, surgical instruments, gears.
Corrosion resistance is inferior to that of the 300 series of austenitic stainless steels. It presents high strength after quenching and can be  magnetized.

Machinability Quench hardening Polishing Magnetic
Age hardening

-
yes
+
yes no

Welding

MIG,TIG,WIG
Arc Resistance Autogenous Laser

yes yes no no
no

Chemical composition according to DIN  [%]

C

Si

Mn

P

S

Cr

Mo

Ni

Others

0.16 - 0.25

< 1.00

< 1.50

< 0.040

< 0.015*

12.0 - 14.0

-

-

-

* For long products or products to be machined, S < 0.030 %

Physical properties

Density
r [kg·m-3]

Electrical resistivity
r [µW·m]

Specific heat
Cp [J·kg-1·K-1]

Thermal conductivity
l [W·m-1·K-1]

7 700

0,6

460

30

Coefficient of thermal expansion
a [10-6·°C-1] between 20°C and

Elastic modulus
E [GPa]

100°C

200°C

300°C

400°C

500°C

600°C

700°C

220 at 20°C

10,5

11

11

11,5

12

-

-

192 at 400°C

Mechanical properties

State

Yield strength
Rp0.2 [MPa]

Tensile strength Rm [MPa]

Elongation
A5  [%]

Vickers Hardness [HV]

20°C

100°C

200°C

300°C

Annealed

450

420

400

365

500 - 700

15

150 - 210

Quench harden.

1 150

1 650

3

> 510

Mechanical properties (suite)

Yield strength
Rp0.2 [MPa]

Tensile strength Rm [MPa]

Elongation
A5  [%]

Vickers Hardness [HV]

20°C

100°C

200°C

300°C

1 350

1550

10

470

650 - 900

750 - 1 000

12 - 20

230 - 310

Thermal treatments

Type

Temperature
[°C]

Time
[minutes]

Protective atmosphere

Cooling

Annealing

730 - 780

15 - 60

H2   + N2   or cracked NH3

Very slow

Quench harden.

980 - 1 030

15 - 60

H2   + N2   or cracked NH3

Quench (water, oil)

Tempering

100 - 200

5

-

Air

Stress relieving

600 - 750

5

H2   + N2   or cracked NH3

Air

Surface treatments

Type

Solution

Remarks

Pickling

20 - 50% HNO3

Hot or at room temperature

Pickling

20 - 50% HNO3   + 2 - 6%  Na2Cr2O7.2H2O

Less aggressive than above

Fabrication characteristics

If slowly cooled after annealing, cold forming is not difficult. Final hardening is obtained after the last annealing by quenching. This type of alloy is quite brittle in the as-hardened condition and must be usually tempered to obtain useful toughness.

Welding, brazing and soldering

Due to the age hardening tendency, welding is delicate. Annealing is necessary after welding, consequently welded constructions should be avoided.

Available products

Sheets, ribbons, wires, profiles, tubes, dimensions and tolerances on request.

AISI

430

DIN

1.4016 - X 6 Cr 17

AFNOR

Z 8 C 17

General characteristics

This ferritic stainless steel can not be strengthened by heat treatment. The ferritic alloys are ferromagnetic. Corrosion resistance is inferior to that of the 300 series of austenitic stainless steels.
Typical  applications are automotive industry, household appliances.

Machinability Quench hardening Polishing Magnetic
Age hardening

-
no
-
yes no

Welding

MIG,TIG,WIG
Arc Resistance Autogenous Laser

yes yes yes no
yes

Chemical composition according to DIN  [%]

C

Si

Mn

P

S

Cr

Mo

Ni

Others

< 0.08

< 1.00

< 1.00

< 0.04

< 0.030*

16 - 18

-

-

-

* For long products or products to be machined, S < 0.030 %

Physical properties

Density
r [kg·m-3]

Electrical resistivity
r [µW·m]

Specific heat
Cp [J·kg-1·K-1]

Thermal conductivity
l [W·m-1·K-1]

7 700

0,6

460

25

Coefficient of thermal expansion
a [10-6·°C-1] between 20°C and

Elastic modulus
E [GPa]

100°C

200°C

300°C

400°C

500°C

600°C

700°C

220 at 20°C

10,0

10

10,5

10,5

11

-

-

197 at 400°C

Mechanical properties

State

Yield strength
Rp0.2 [MPa]

Tensile strength Rm [MPa]

Elongation
A5  [%]

Vickers Hardness [HV]

20°C

100°C

200°C

300°C

Annealed

270

-

-

-

450 - 600

20

135 - 180

Thermal treatments

Protective atmosphere

H2   + N2   or cracked NH3

Surface treatments

Solution

Remarks

20 - 50% HNO3   + 2 - 6%  Na2Cr2O7.2H2O

Hot or at room temperature

Fabrication characteristics

Cold forming depends principally on material thickness. Small angle folding parallel to rolling direction should be avoided. Toughness may be somewhat limited at low temperature and in heavy sections.
Machining parameters are similar as for mild  steels.

Welding, brazing and soldering

This steel can easily be welded by any conventional joining technique, except the oxyacetylene torch. As ductile-to-brittle transition depends on temperature, some pre-heating at 100-300°C could be necessary, especially for thicknesses above 3 mm.
Postweld annealing from 700°C to 800°C is recommended to restore ductility and intergranular corrosion resistance.

Available products

Sheets, ribbons, wires, profiles, tubes, dimensions and tolerances on request.

AISI

430 F

DIN

1.4104 - X 14 CrMoS 17

AFNOR

Z 13 CF 17

General characteristics

This ferritic stainless steel can not be strengthened by heat treatment. The ferritic alloys are ferromagnetic. It presents a very good machinability and it is convenient for cutting of. Corrosion resistance is inferior to that of the 300 series of austenitic stainless  steels.
Mechanical properties are similar to those of grade 430, except for weldability which is reduced by sulfur additives.

Machinability Quench hardening Polishing Magnetic
Age hardening

++
no
-
yes no

Welding

MIG,TIG,WIG
Arc Resistance Autogenous Laser

no no no no
no

Chemical composition according to DIN  [%]

C

Si

Mn

P

S

Cr

Mo

Ni

Others

0.10 - 0.17

< 1.00

< 1.50

< 0.040

0.15 - 0.35

15.5 - 17.5

0.2 - 0.6

-

-

Physical properties

Density
r [kg·m-3]

Electrical resistivity
r [µW·m]

Specific heat
Cp [J·kg-1·K-1]

Thermal conductivity
l [W·m-1·K-1]

7 700

0,6

460

25

Coefficient of thermal expansion
a [10-6·°C-1] between 20°C and

Elastic modulus
E [GPa]

100°C

200°C

300°C

400°C

500°C

600°C

700°C

220 at 20°C

10,0

10,0

10,5

10,5

11

-

-

197 at 400°C

Mechanical properties

State

Yield strength
Rp0.2 [MPa]

Tensile strength Rm [MPa]

Elongation
A5  [%]

Vickers Hardness [HV]

20°C

100°C

200°C

300°C

Annealed

270

-

-

-

450 - 600

20

135 - 180

Thermal treatments

Time
[minutes]

Protective atmosphere

5 - 30

H2   + N2   or cracked NH3

Surface treatments

Solution

Remarks

20 - 50% HNO3   + 2 - 6%  Na2Cr2O7.2H2O

Hot or at room temperature

Fabrication characteristics

Cold forming depends principally on material thickness. Small angle folding parallel to rolling direction should be avoided. Toughness may be somewhat limited at low temperature and in heavy sections.
Machining is very good, stamping is reduced as compared to grade 430 because of sulfur additives.

Welding, brazing and soldering

Because of its high sulfur content and large carbon tolerance, this material is not recommended for welding. Chromium carbide precipita- tion at grain boundaries reduces intergranular corrosion resistance. In fact, the sulfur inclusions easily cause porosity and blowholes.

Available products

Sheets, ribbons, wires, profiles, tubes, dimensions and tolerances on request.