Special Causes (of variation)
Special Causes are causes of variation in output from a manufacturing process or system of procedures that is not due to the inherent operation of the process or system itself (common causes), but is due to the intrusion into the system of a one-time or external cause of variation. One-time or external causes do not spring from the system, and so are preventable - i.e., their occurrence can be prevented. Consequently, the reason for each special cause must be investigated and steps then taken to see that it does not occur again. The presence of a special cause of variation must be determined statistically. This is done by knowing that variation in output due to common causes follows a regular pattern corresponding to the Normal curve - i.e., with an average and a deviation on either side of the average within three standard deviations. Variation due to a special cause results in a performance outside these statistical limits.
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