Alpinism
Alpinism excursions in high mountain regions, practiced in its sportive form as » mountain climbing. Although the italian poet francesco petrarca (*1304, fl374) was called the "father of alpinism" following his ascent of the mont ventoux in the provence alps (1912 m) and technical aids such as the ladder and rope were mentioned in documents as early as 1492, the first ascent of the montblanc in chamonix (france) in 1786 is generally regarded as the true "birth" of alpinism. The "golden era" of alpinism followed with the first ascents of many peaks, this era came to an end with the first ascent of the matterhorn (switzerland, 4478 m). The founding of alpine clubs towards the second half of the 19th century resulted in the systematic discovery and exploration of the alps. After 1910 the era of "difficulty alpinism" began, where difficulties up to the 6th and highest level were mastered with technical aids, particularly on direct routes (direttissima). The highest peak on earth, mount everest in the himalayas (8848 m), was conquered for the first time by sir edmund percival hillary and the sherpa tenzing norgay, in the year 1953. In 1964 all peaks on earth with an altitude over 8000 m had been climbed. Opportunities for further first ascents are still available in america, asia, and antarctica, so that alpinism as a sport movement continues. From a technical point of view the following variants of alpinism can be differentiated: 1. Expedition style: construction of bivouac camps as a starting point for further climbs, transport of supplies by sherpas or ropes. This variant is practiced predominantly in winter, 2. Mountain tours with a knowledgeable mountain guide, 3. Ascent in the direct fall line (direttisima), this has been the goal of mountain climbers since about 1930, 4. High altitude climbing without the aid of artificial respiration devices, 5. Rock climbing without technical aids, 6. Mountain climbing as a part of the tourist movement. Especially as a result of the work of alpine clubs alpinism has developed from its extreme forms towards mountain hiking for everybody, a tendency that has also been nourished by the current human urge to experience nature, as a counter-reaction to the technicizing of modern life. » Alpine rescue services have been formed to help alpinists in need of assistance or rescue. (H.Haag &g. Haag, dictionary, 2003, 23 p.)
Source: http://lspa.eu/files/study/lection_materials/U.Svinks/Sport_lexis_terms_explanatory_dictionary_in_english.pdf
List of Literature and The List of Abbreviations sources used in the source document
1. Chambers Sports Factfinder. Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd 2005. [ISBN 0550 101616] (Chambers. Sports Factf.,2005)
2. Dictionary of Leisure, Travel and Tourism. Third edition. A&C Black Publishers Ltd, 2008. [ISBN 9780713685459] (Dict. of Leis., Trav. and Tour., 2008)
3. Dictionary. Sport, Physical Education, Sport Science. Editors Herbert Haag&Gerald Haag. Kiel, Institut für Sport und Sportwissenschaften, 2003. [ISBN 3-7780-3419-7] ((H.Haag &G. Haag, Dictionary, 2003)
4. Dictionary of Sport and Exercise Science A&Black Publishers Ltd 2006. [ISBN -10: 0713677856; ISBN-13: 9780713677850] (Dict. of Sp.and Ex.Sc,2006)
5. Dictionary of the Sport and Exercise Sciences. Mark H.Anshel, Editor. Human Kinetics Books Champaign, Illinois, 1991 [ISBN: 0-87322-379-9] (Dict. of sp. and Ex. Sc. 1991)
Web site to visit: http://lspa.eu
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