Biology STAAR EOC BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE KEY

MAY 8TH IS THE BIOLOGY STAAR EOC TEST

• Describe the difference between a theory and a hypothesis.

Hypothesis is an educated guess that can be tested. A theory has been tested by scientists hundreds of times and has given rise to the same results/data

• Define:
• Independent variable – the variable that you control – what is being tested

 

• Dependent variable – the variable that is being measured – changes due to independent variable

• Control – the constant – the variable the is the “norm” you need this in order to compare your results to

 

• List the characteristics of living organisms.
• Reproduce, maintain homeostasis, grow & develop, evolve, metabolize, made up of cells, responsiveness,

 

• With pictures define the symbiotic relationships.
• Predation J :X

• Parasitism J L

 

• Commensalism J :-

• Mutualism J J

 

• How much energy is transferred between trophic levels in a food chain?

10% of energy is transferred 100 à 10 à 1 à .1 à .01

• Describe what an arrow means in a food chain?

The arrow represents the direction in which the energy flows/ is eaten by
The grass is eaten by the mouse, the mouse is eaten by the snake, etc.

• In an energy pyramid, where would producers be located?

Producers would be located on the bottom in the largest trophic level

• How is a carrying capacity of an ecosystem affected?

The carrying capacity is affected by the number of organisms, the amount of food, space & mates available for the organisms, if a new predator has been introduced to the ecosystem, natural disasters (flooding, drought, fire, tornando)

 

• Which organism is needed to turn nitrogen into a useable form?

Bacteria are the only organisms on earth that can transfer the nitrogen in the atmosphere into a useable form for other organisms (such as animals) to use

• When does secondary succession occur in nature?

Secondary succession occurs after the first climax community has already been established. It will only occur if the first community has been destroyed by a natural disaster (fire, drought, flood)

• Identify the organisms that would appear first in primary succession.

Lichens, algae, and fungi

• Define a climax community.

A community with plants and animals that are stable and in balance

• The monomer of carbohydrates are:

monosaccharide

• Which macromolecule is used for long-term energy storage, insulated the body and cushions organs?

lipid

• This macromolecule contains the instructions for making proteins and the genetic information.

Nucleic acids

• Enzymes are made from which macromolecule?

Proteins

• Cell wall in plants is made from which macromolecule?

carbohydrates

• When we did the Food nutrients Lab, Lugol’s Iodine was used to indicate which substance?

Starch – it turns purpleish black

• Draw and label the enzyme-substrate complex.

 

            

 

• What happens if enzymes are exposed to extreme temperatures?

Denatures – it will unfold and no longer be functional

• Describe how enzymes work.

Speeds up chemical processes

• Where does the substrate bind?

To the active site on the enzyme

• Define denature.

unfold

• What is a cell and why is it called the basic unit of structure and function?

It is the smallest functional unit

 

• Who was the first person to describe cells? And what did he observe?

Robert Hooke was the first person to view cells under a microscope, he observed cork and noticed that it looked like little boxes

• List the 3 parts of the cell theory.
• cells are the basic unit of structure and function
• every living things are made up of cells
• all cells come from pre-existing cells

 

• Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic.

Prokaryotic has no true nucleus or no membrane bound organelles. Eukaryotic has a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles

 

• Describe what each of the organelles do in a cell;
• Ribosomes – create proteins

• Chloroplasts – performs photosynthesis in plants

 

• Golgi Apparatus – processes, packages and secretes proteins

• Lysosomes – Digest worn out particles, bacteria, waste

 

• Mitochondria – Power house of the cells, cellular respiration occurs here – makes ATP

• Nucleus – control center of the cells

 

• Vacuole – used for storage of water, food and waste in plants

• Identify the difference between a plant cell and an animal cell.

Cell wall, chloroplast, central vacuole

• Define Diffusion:

particles move from an area of high concentration to low concentration

 

• Identify what happens in osmosis.

Water moves across a membrane

• Describe the structure of the cell membrane.

Phospholipid bilayer – heads are hydrophilic (water loving) and point outward and tails are hydrophobic (water fearing) point inward

• In your own words what does the term homeostasis mean?

An internal and external balance, everything is working correctly

• How does the structure of the cell membrane help maintain homeostasis?

It will allow certain things to flow through the membrane while others need either help or need to go through certain protein channels

• Does passive transport require energy to move a substance across the cell membrane?

Passive transport does not require energy

• Define the key terms
• Hypo – below

 

• Hyper- above

• Iso -       equal

 

• Draw a picture illustrating the 3 types of solutions.
• Hypertonic             b. Hypotonic                  c. Isotonic

 

                 

 

• What does the term plasmolysis mean?

Separation of the cell membrane from the cell wall due to the loss of water

• Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis.

6CO2 + 6H20 + light à C6H12O6 + 6O2

• Describe what occurs during photosynthesis.

Light energizes electron in carbon dioxide & water in the chloroplast to help produce glucose and oxygen as a waste produce

 

• Where does photosynthesis occur?

Chloroplast

 

• Identify what happens during the light-dependent reaction.

Converts the energy from the light into chemical energy. Light is needed for this reaction to occur. The water is split in to Hydrogen ions and Oxygen is released as waste

• The light independent reaction is also known as the Calvin Cycle, describe where and what occurs during this reaction.

Light is not needed for this reaction to occur. Makes sugar from the Carbon dioxide and the Hydrogen ions.

 

• Where does cellular respiration occur in cells?

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm
Krebs cycle & Electron Transport Chain occur in the Mitochondria

 

• How is the cellular respiration equation compared to the photosynthesis equation?

The exact same thing just in reverse

 

• Name the 3 parts of cellular respiration and where they occur?

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm
Krebs cycle & Electron Transport Chain occur in the Mitochondria

• What is created during the Krebs cycle that is so important for the electron transport chain?

Lots of NADH is produced, this will help run the electron transport chain

• How many ATP are created during:
• Glycolysis – 4 are created but 2 are used up in order to start the process
• Krebs Cycle – 2
• Electron Transport Chain – 32

 

• Identify the 2 types of Nucleic Acids.

DNA and RNA

• A nucleotide is made up of what 3 parts:

Sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base

• DNA was discovered by whom? And who was actually given the Nobel Prize for it?

Rosalind Franklin took an X-Ray image of DNA in 1952, James Watson & Francis Crick presented a paper in 1953 that described the structure of the DNA helix.

 

• List the 4 nitrogenous bases and which ones pair together.

Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine - Guanine

• Which bases are:
• Purines – Adenine & Guanine

 

• Pyrimidines – Thymine & Cytosine

• Explain why cells need to be able to replicate DNA.

In order for the cell to go through mitosis the DNA must also replicate. Each new cell will get the same exact genetic information.

 

 

 

• Compare RNA and DNA

 

	Bases	Sugar	Location	Types
DNA	A, T, G, C	deoxyribose	Nucleus	All your cells have the same DNA
RNA	A, U, G, C	ribose	Nucleus & cytoplasm	mRNA tRNA rRNA

 

• Describe what happens during Transcription.

A copy of mRNA is created from DNA. There will be no T on mRNA so it will exchange with Uracil. DNA will unzip is small sections and the free nucleotides will match up with complementary base pairs. When the section of mRNA is built it will release from the DNA strand and travel out of the nucleus to a ribosome to create a protein.

• Identify what happens during Translation.

The mRNA goes to a ribosome where it will be read. The codon (bases in a row on mRNA) matches up to the tRNA’s anticodon. The tRNA will bring the matching amino acid for the codon. The Amino Acids will then connect by a polypeptide bond. When the sequence has been completed the AA will fold up creating a protein.

 

• List in order all parts of the Cell Cycle.

Interphase: G1, Synthesis (S), G2
Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Cytokinesis

• If something goes wrong in the Replication of DNA in which part of the cell cycle should it be corrected before the cell moves on and divides?

During the Synthesis phase when DNA is replicating

• During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell?

Metaphase – middle of the cell

• During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear membrane disappear and the chromosomes start to condense and become visible?

Prophase

• Name the phase that the sister chromatids are being pulled apart toward the opposite poles.

Anaphase - apart

• How many chromosomes does a human body cell have?

46 chromosomes

• Define somatic cells:

Body cells that do not contain x or y chromosomes

• Explain how the cell theory is supported by mitosis.

Mitosis is the division or creation of new cells, which supports the theory that all cells come from pre-existing cells

• How would a karyotype help if you were pregnant and wanted to know if your child had a genetic disorder?

The karyotype is a map of the unborn child’s chromosomes. It will show if there is a trisomy or a deletion of a chromosome

 

• Mitosis results in 2 __identical_____ cells.

 

 

• Explain what occurs during cytokinesis.

In Animal cells: The cytoplasm divides pinching inward creating a cleavage and forming 2 new cells
In Plant cells: a cell plate forms in the middle of the cell and then the cell wall forms dividing the new plant cells.

• What happens in a cancer cell that is different than in a normal cell?

The tumor suppressor gene is not turned off so the cells continue to divide uncontrolled

• Explain the purpose of each of the genes below:
• Proto-oncogenes – enhance cell division or inhibit cell death

 

• Tumor suppressor genes – prevent cell division or cell death

 

• In each of your cells how much of the DNA is the same?

100% of your DNA is the same in each of your cells

• What causes cells with the same DNA to differentiate?

Genes are turned on or off

• What causes changes in epigenetics?

Exposure to different things, radiation, foods, drugs, perscriptions

• Cells with the exact same DNA are directed to differentiate by chemical signals that causes certain genes to be:

Activated or deactivated certain genes

• Define the following:
• Exon: sections of DNA that are expressed

 

• Intron: sections of DNA that are not expressed and during transcription they are removed

• Define gametes:

Cells that are only for egg or sperm

• Meiosis results in =

4 daughter cells that are not identical

• Explain what occurs during crossing over in Meiosis?

Exchange of genetic material during prophase 1, this allows for genetic diversity

• Which phase of Meiosis do pairs of homologous chromosomes move to equator?

Metaphase 1

• Identify the phase in which nuclear membrane reforms, cytoplasm divides and 4 daughter cells are formed.

Telophase 2

• Compare mitosis & meiosis:

	Mitosis	Meiosis
In what type of cell does the division take place?	somatic	gametes
How many divisions are there?	1	2
How many daughter cells are produced?	2	4
How many chromosomes are produced?	46	23
Are the daughter cells identical or different to the parent cell?	identical	different
Does crossing over occur?	NO	YES

 

• Define the following terms:
• Phenotype: physical appearance

 

• Genotype: alleles that are used: TT. Tt. tt

• Homozygous: same alles: TT or tt

 

• Heterozygous: different alles Tt

• Dominant: Expressed with a capital letter. Always expressed/seen

 

• Recessive: only expressed if 2 recessive allele are together tt

• Create a Punnett square for the following:

B = brown eyes      b = blue eyes

A heterozygous father has children with a homozygous recessive mother.
Bb x bb

Genotypes:
2Bb and 2bb

Phenotypes:
2 blue eyes and 2 brown eyes

 

• Create a Punnett square for the following:

B = brown eyes      b = blue eyes

A heterozygous father has children with a heterozygous mother.
Bb x Bb
Genotypes:
1BB, 2Bb, 1bb

Phenotypes:
            3 Brown Eyes, 1 Blue eye
     

• Incomplete Dominant Genes

RR = Red flower   WW = White Flower       RW = Pink

RR is crossed with WW

How many of the offspring will be RW (pink)?
100%

 

• Co-Dominant Genes

BB = Blue feather WW = White Feather            BW = Blue with white tipped      
feathers

BW x BW           How many have Blue feathers?25%
How many have White feathers? 25%
How many have Blue with white tipped feathers? 50%

 

• Identify the multiple alleles for blood types:
• A blood = AA, Ai
• B blood = BB, Bi
• AB blood = AB
• O blood = oo or can be written as ii

• If a mother is AB blood type and has children with a man who is also AB blood type, is it possible for her to have a child who is o blood type?

No, should come out to be 25% AA, 50% AB and 25% BB

• Describe why Charles Darwin is important to biology.

His studies of natural selection helped create the theory of evolution

• Explain how homologous structures are evidence of evolution.

Homologous structures have the same basic structure (skeleton) but have different functions. This shows that organisms may have evolved from a common ancestor

• In evolution do individuals adapt or does the population adapt and evolve?

The population will adapt.

• An adaptation that enables a species to blend in with the environment is called:

Camouflage

• Explain why the Galapagos Islands were and important part of the development of Natural Selection and Evolution.

The islands contained such diverse animals on each island.

• Structures that have the same function but no evolutionary relationship such as butterfly wing and bird wing are called:

Analogous structures

• How is embryology evidence of evolution?

All vertebrates start off very similar as an embryo

• List in order the hierarchy of taxonomy from broadest to most specific starting with kingdom.

Domain à Kingdom à Phylum à Class à Order à Family à Genus à species

 

• Binomial nomenclature uses what to name species?

Uses Latin or Greek it is a 2 word naming system that uses the Genus and species

• The arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities is known as:

classification

• Identify the 6 kingdoms:

Archaeabacteria, Eubacteria, Animalia, Plantea, Protista, Fungi

• Identify the kingdom that has organisms that have a cell wall made up of chitin.

Fungus

• This kingdom that contains organisms that are thought to be the first life forms on earth:

Archaea

• This kingdom contains organisms that can be either unicellular or multicellular and they can either be autotrophic or heterotrophic.

Protista

• This kingdom is multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that feed on plants and animals.

Animalia

• This kingdom contains organisms that are found almost every where on earth and cause most human diseases.

Eubacteria

• Explain how you use a dichotomous key.

Always start with the first set of instructions and read both sets of instructions and either name it or go to the next set of instructions

• Explain why viruses are considered nonliving.

Viruses can not replicate on their own. They need a host cell.

• List the main parts of a virus.

Capsid and nucleic acid

 

• Why can you not use antibiotics on a viral infection?

Antibiotics will only work on bacterial infections. They inhibit the cell wall from forming when the bacterial cell divides. A virus does not replicate on its own and does not have a cell wall.

• Explain the lytic cycle.

1) Virus attaches to the cell wall 2) Virus injects its DNA into the cell 3) Cell reads the DNA and assembles the viral parts 4) Newly assembled viruses will burst out of the cell destroying the cell

• How is the lysogenic cycle different then the lytic cycle?

In the lysogenic cycle the virus will inject its DNA into the cell, the viral DNA will become a part of the cell’s DNA. The viral DNA will get replicated as the cell go through DNA Replication. Each time the cell divides the viral DNA goes with it. It will lay dormant until the conditions are right and it will then enter into the Lytic Cycle.

 

• Do viruses mutate?

Yes, this makes it harder to create vaccines

• Are viruses host cell specific?

Yes, will only infect certain cells

• Identify the shapes of bacteria.

Bacillius – rod   Coccus – sphere     Spirillium – spiral

• Why are bacteria important to the ecosystem? (name 2)

- Break down dead organisms and recycle the nutrients back into the ecosystem
- Nitrogen Fixation: turn nitrogen into a useable form

• How do bacteria reproduce?

Binary fission, cells divide; asexual   
Conjugation: exchange of genetic information; sexual

• Give examples of gymnosperms.

conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and Gnetales
Pine, cedar, redwood

• How do gymnosperms reproduce?

Produce naked seeds

 

• Give an example of angiosperms.

Any flowering plant, grass

• How do angiosperm plants reproduce?

Fertilization occurs inside the female carpel (pistol) Pollen sticks to the stigma, then travels down the style to the ovary. The pollen and ovule then produce a seed(s)

• Define the following:
• Monocot: 1 cotyledon (seed leaf), parallel veins, fibrous root system

 

• Dicot: 2 cotyledons (seed leaves), network of veins, tap root system

• What is the difference between xylem and phloem?

Xylem carries water and phloem carries nutrients

• Why do some plants have thorns or are poisonous?

Adaptation that allows the plant to survive

• How are seeds dispersed?

Wind, water, birds, bees, animals eat them then pass the seeds out, animals bury them

• How is pollination different for gymnosperms and angiosperms?

Pollination of gymnosperms occurs on the surface of the reproductive organs while it occurs inside of the ovary of the angiosperm

• Draw and label the reproductive parts of a flower. (include both male and female parts)