STUDY SUMMARY
VCE PHYSICS 2013–2016

Rationale
Physics is a theoretical and empirical science, which contributes to our understanding of the physical universe from the minute building blocks of matter to the unimaginably broad expanses of the Universe. This understanding has significance for the way we understand our place in the Universe.
This study is designed to enhance the scientific literacy of students in the specialised area of physics. Scientifically literate physics students demonstrate interest in and understanding of the Universe, engage in debates about the nature of evidence, theories and models, and appreciate the value of physics in society. They can describe and use theories and models, propose and investigate hypotheses, collect data, analyse the limitations of that data, draw conclusions, make recommendations, and select and use a range of appropriate technologies and mathematical techniques.
The knowledge gained through physics will enhance students’ ability to be innovative and contribute to the intelligent and careful use of resources. This knowledge can be used, for example, in industrial, medical, engineering and technical applications.
Knowledge in physics is gained through complex processes; for example, theories developed from studying the ways that matter interacts with matter, and the ways that light and matter interact, have led to innovations in medicine, electronics, energy use, telecommunications and materials science.
This study design will assist teachers to provide a curriculum that is interesting and challenging for students with a wide range of expectations, including students who are aiming for medical, engineering, technology-based and science-based careers.
Structure
The study is made up of four units. Units 1 and 2 contain two prescribed areas of study and a third area of study to be selected from the list of detailed studies available in Units 1 and 2; the selected detailed study in Unit 2 must be different from that selected in Unit 1. Units 3 and 4 contain two prescribed areas of study; a third area of study is to be selected from the list of detailed studies for Units 3 and 4 and will be completed in either Unit 3 or Unit 4.
Each unit contains either two or three areas of study.

Entry
There are no prerequisites for entry to Units 1, 2 and 3. Students must undertake Unit 3 prior to undertaking Unit 4. Students entering Unit 3 without Units 1 and/or 2 may be required to undertake additional reading as prescribed by their teacher. Units 1 to 4 are designed to a standard equivalent to the final two years of secondary education. All VCE studies are benchmarked against comparable national and international standards.
Unit 1
This unit focuses on Physics as a human endeavour. Observations and ideas about the physical world related to aspects of energy are organised and explained through the use of conceptual models. The detailed studies provide opportunities to explore the application of energy concepts and models in nuclear energy, sustainable energy sources, flight, space and medical contexts.
Students undertake regular experimental work in the laboratory starting with simple observations and measurements. A quantitative investigation involving the collection and analysis of sufficient data points for at least one independent variable will be undertaken. The investigation should be at least partly student designed.
The use of simple mathematical modelling, including calculations, is introduced to organise first-hand and second-hand data in order to make predictions and link concepts. Students begin to solve qualitative and quantitative problems in familiar contexts. Computer and/or graphics calculator programs are used to collect and analyse first-hand and second-hand data and to present investigation findings.
Unit 1 consists of two prescribed areas of study: Nuclear physics and radioactivity; and Electricity; and a third area of study to be chosen from one of six detailed studies: Astronomy, Astrophysics, Energy from the nucleus, Investigations: Flight, Investigations: Sustainable energy sources, and Medical physics.
In this unit, students make and test predictions, identify discrete and continuous variables, select relevant independent variables and recognise controlled variables. They apply a given method for a simple investigation to control variables and collect relevant data. Students record raw qualitative and quantitative data and present processed data, including correct use of units, symbols and formulas, appropriately. They use suitable materials, apparatus and measurement procedures to ensure reliability in the data. When drawing relevant conclusions from their investigations, students recognise sources of uncertainty and error. When completing independent and collaborative investigations, they identify alternative interpretations of data and results. They use appropriate sources to identify and assess risks to themselves, other living things and the environment of Physics related principles and procedures, and they use this knowledge to apply safe, ethical and responsible practices.
As a guide, at least 10 hours of class time should be devoted to student practical work across the three areas of study.
Unit 2
This unit focuses on the application of models to more complex phenomena – motion and light – developed within contexts that are familiar to students and relevant to their experiences. Newtonian ideas of motion are extended to include a range of movements and more abstract ideas, while the wave and particle models of light provide a framework for exploring light phenomena in real world applications. The detailed studies provide opportunities to explore motion and/or light in nuclear, sustainable energy, flight, space and medical contexts.
Students continue to undertake extensive and regular experimental work in the laboratory. They design and undertake more complex investigations involving at least one independent, continuous variable, and take increasing responsibility for the design of investigations.
The use of simple mathematical modelling, including calculations, to organise first-hand and second-hand data, to make predictions and to link concepts is further developed and applied to more extensive data. Students begin to analyse and solve quantitative and qualitative problems in familiar contexts. Computer and graphics calculator programs are used to collect and analyse first-hand and second-hand data, and to present investigation findings.
Unit 2 consists of two prescribed areas of study: Motion and Wave-like properties of light; and a third area of study to be chosen from one of six detailed studies: Astronomy, Astrophysics, Energy from the nucleus, Investigations: Flight, Investigations: Sustainable energy sources and Medical physics. The detailed study chosen in Unit 2 must be a different detailed study from that chosen in Unit 1.
In this unit, students identify a problem or research question and formulate a prediction or hypothesis, select at least one relevant independent continuous variable and recognise controlled variables. They adapt or extend given methods, or at least partly design their own methods, for the control of variables and the systematic collection and recording of sufficient relevant data for simple investigations.
Students record raw qualitative and quantitative data and present processed data, including correct use of units, symbols and formulas, appropriately. They select and use appropriate materials, apparatus and measurement procedures to ensure reliability in the data. When drawing relevant conclusions from their investigations, students take into account sources of error and uncertainty. They evaluate limitations of, and weaknesses and errors in, techniques and equipment. Alternative interpretations of data and results are identified. Students identify and apply safe and responsible practices when completing independent and collaborative investigations. They use appropriate information sources to assess risk.
As a guide, at least 10 hours of class time should be devoted to student practical work across the three areas of study.
Unit 3

Unit 3 consists of two prescribed areas of study: Motion in one and two dimensions; and Electronics and photonics. A detailed study is to be chosen in either Unit 3 or Unit 4 from one of six detailed studies: Einstein’s special relativity, Materials and their use in structures, Further electronics, Synchrotron and its applications, Photonics, and Sound.
This unit focuses on the ideas that underpin much of the technology found in areas such as communications, engineering, commerce and industry. Motion in one and two dimensions is introduced and applied to moving objects on Earth and in space. Circuit models are applied to further aspects of electricity and electronics, and the operation and use of photonic devices are introduced. The detailed studies offer examples of theoretical and practical applications of these technologies.
Students continue to have regular experience in experimental investigation in the laboratory. They design and carry out an extended practical investigation. They collect accurate data, evaluate the quality of data and measurement processes, and make conclusions based on the data.
Mathematical modelling, including calculations, is applied to all areas of study to organise first-hand and second-hand data, make predictions and link concepts. Students analyse and solve more complex qualitative and quantitative problems.
Computer and/or graphics calculator programs are used to collect and analyse first-hand and second-hand data, and to present investigation findings.
In this unit, students select focused research questions and formulate a quantitatively testable hypothesis. They identify variables of significance to an investigation and decide the appropriate variables to be controlled. They adapt or extend given methods, and design their own methods, for the control of variables and the systematic collection of sufficient relevant data for focused investigations.
Students record raw qualitative and quantitative data accurately and present processed data, including correct use of units, symbols and formulas, to ensure that relationships between variables are evident. They select and use appropriate materials, apparatus and measurement procedures to ensure a high degree of reliability and accuracy in the data. Students interpret their results to draw relevant conclusions from their investigations. They identify sources of error and estimate uncertainties in, and reliability of, data and derived quantities. They analyse procedures and results, taking into account limitations of, and weaknesses and errors in, techniques and equipment. Alternative interpretations of data and results are identified and explained. They identify and apply safe and responsible practices when designing and completing independent and collaborative investigations. Students select and use appropriate information sources to assess risk.
As a guide, between 3½ and 5 hours of class time should be devoted to student practical work for each prescribed area of study and between 3½ and 5 hours of class time should be devoted to student practical work for the detailed study if undertaken in Unit 3.

Unit 4

Unit 4 consists of two prescribed areas of study: Electric power and Interactions of light and matter. A detailed study is to be chosen in either Unit 3 or Unit 4 from one of six detailed studies: Einstein’s special relativity, Materials and their use in structures, Further electronics, Synchrotron and its applications, Photonics, and Sound.
This unit focuses on the development and limitations of models in explaining physical phenomena. A field model of electromagnetism is applied to the generation of electricity, and the development of models that explain the complex interactions of light and matter are considered. The detailed studies provide examples of innovative technologies used for research and communication.
Students continue to undertake extensive and regular experimental work in the laboratory. They design and carry out investigations, collect accurate data, evaluate the quality of data and measurement processes and make conclusions based on the data.
Mathematical modelling, including calculations, continues to be used to organise first-hand and second-hand data, to link concepts, to make predictions and to identify trends. Students analyse and solve more complex qualitative and quantitative problems.
Computer and/or graphical calculator programs are used to collect and analyse first-hand and second-hand data, and to present investigation findings.
In this unit, students develop conceptual understanding by investigating practical activities and demonstrations. Students record raw qualitative and quantitative data and present processed data, including correct use of units, symbols and formulas, accurately and to ensure that relationships between variables are evident. They select and use appropriate materials, apparatus and measurement procedures to ensure a high degree of reliability and accuracy in the data. Students analyse their results to draw relevant conclusions. They identify sources of error and uncertainties to determine the reliability of data and derived quantities. Alternative interpretation of data and results are identified and explained. They identify and apply safe and responsible practices when completing independent and collaborative investigations.

As a guide, between 3½ and 5 hours of class time should be devoted to student practical work for each prescribed area of study and between 3½ and 5 hours of class time should be devoted to student practical work for the detailed study if undertaken in Unit 4.
Assessment
Satisfactory Completion
The award of satisfactory completion for a unit is based on a decision that the student has demonstrated achievement of the set of outcomes specified for the unit. This decision will be based on the teacher’s assessment of the student’s overall performance on assessment tasks designated for the unit.
Levels of Achievement
Units 1 and 2
Procedures for the assessment of levels of achievement in Units 1 and 2 are a matter for school decision.
Units 3 and 4
The Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority will supervise the assessment of all students undertaking Units 3 and 4. In the study of VCE Physics students’ level of achievement will be determined by School-assessed Coursework and an end-of-year examination.
Percentage contributions to the study score in VCE Physics are as follows:
• Unit 3 School-assessed Coursework: 16 per cent
• Unit 4 School-assessed Coursework: 24 per cent
• End-of-year examination: 60 per cent.

©VCAA 2012