GEORGIA COLLEGE
STUDY GUIDE TO GEORGIA HISTORY

This guide is simply an outline to aid you in studying Georgia’s history and should be used in conjunction with The New Georgia Encyclopedia website and/or a textbook on Georgia history to fill in details.  The guide provides some chronology along with major trends and events, and lists some significant people that you should be able to identify. 

GEOGRAPHY
Three basic areas:
Mountains
Piedmont
Coastal Plain
Each support different flora and fauna
Rivers begin in the mountains and flow to the Atlantic or Gulf of Mexico

TIME PERIODS
(Do not memorize specific dates, but have an idea of time and sequence)
Prehistory
Prehistory periods: Paleoindian, Archaic, Woodland, Mississippian
Indians populated Georgia
Cherokee in North
Creek Confederation in other areas
Small band of Chickasaw near Augusta
Colonial- 1550s-1775
Revolutionary War/Confederation- 1775-1788
Early National Period- 1790s-1820
Antebellum Period - 1820-1861
Civil War 1861-65
Reconstruction- 1865-77
Gilded Age/Progressive Era- 1870s - World War I
WWI to WWII - 1917-1945
Post World War II- 1945-present

TRENDS, PATTERNS, AND EVENTS OF GEORGIA HISTORY

I.          COLONIAL PERIOD

1525-1646 Spanish expeditions exploring Georgia coast and interior
Late 1550s/early 1600s Spanish Missions along Coastal Georgia
1670 Founding of Charleston
English traders began to trade with Indians in what later became GA
1732 Charter granted to a charitable trust
Three reasons for colony’s founding:

1.  Trust wanted to provide new start for poor of England and
persecuted Protestants in Europe
2.  English government wanted defense buffer between Spanish
Florida and English Carolina
3.  English government wanted Georgia to fit into British mercantilism
1733- First colonists arrived.  James Oglethorpe -Founding Trustee

1733-early 1750s- Trustee Period
Agreements with Indians
Problems with Trustee policies (including land policies)
Problems with “Malcontents”
Three Laws- 1. No rum  2. No slavery  3. License required to trade with Indians
English and other ethnic groups settle
War of Jenkins’ Ear with Spanish
Battle of Bloody Marsh
Abandonment of Trustee policies and laws by late 1740s
Economic development

1752-1775 Royal Colony
Development of slavery and plantation system
Rice culture along coast
Fur trade in back country
New government with royal governor, Governor’s Council, elected
Commons House of Assembly
Indian Land Cessions in 1763-1773- opening of back country to farmers
Events leading to Revolution 1763-1775 including Georgia’s
reactions to events in other colonies
Georgia younger, weaker, closer ties to England so slower to action;
only one of thirteen rebellious colonies with no representative
in First Continental Congress
Attended Second Continental Congress- three signed Declaration of
Independence- George Walton, Lyman Hall, Button Gwinnett

Significant People:
Hernando de Soto, James Oglethorpe, Mary Musgrove, Tomochichi, William Stephens, John Reynolds, Henry Ellis, James Wright

II.         REVOLUTION/ CONFEDERATION PERIOD 1775-1789

1775-1778 - Fighting in Georgia between Patriots(Whigs) and Loyalists (Tories).
1776 - Battle of Rice Boats.
Royal government fell.
December 1778 - British Capture of Savannah
Re-establishment of royal government.
1779 – Patriot victory at Kettle Creek and defeat at Briar Creek
1779 - French/Patriot Siege of Savannah failed
1779-1780 - Patriots retreated to Augusta.  Augusta taken by British, retaken by            Patriots, retaken by British, retaken by Patriots.
1782- Patriots retook Savannah.

Government during Revolution- Rules and Regulations of 1776;
Followed by first state constitution in 1777.
1781-1789- Georgia part of Confederation of states under Articles of
Confederation
Capital moved to Augusta in 1786 along with more population moving
to interior.  Settlers’ desire for Indian land led to problems.
1787- Georgia participated in Constitutional Convention.  Two signed-
Abraham Baldwin and William Few.
1788- Georgia electors unanimously chose George Washington for
first president.  Support for Constitution and stronger federal
government related to Indian lands.

Significant People:  Noble Wimberly Jones, Walton, Hall, Gwinnett, Alexander McGillvray, Lachlan McIntosh, Elijah Clarke, Thomas Brown, Nancy Hart, Col. Archibald Campbell, Count D’Estaing, James Jackson

III.        EARLY NATIONAL PERIOD 1789-1820

Development of Georgia’s economy
End of Indian trade
Rice culture continued in coastal areas
Tobacco culture in piedmont
1793 -Invention of cotton gin by Eli Whitney on Mulberry Grove                                          Plantation outside Savannah
1800s Development of cotton culture
Land lottery
Continuing development of slavery
Agricultural production of yeomen farmers
Development of towns
Development of transportation- roads
Development of banking

Political Development
Indian Land Cessions
Constitutions of 1789, 1795
Development of political factions
Jackson/Troupites
Clarkites
Yazoo Land Fraud
War of 1812 and its impact
Red Stick War with Creeks
Development of education and religion
Second Great Awakening
Growth especially of Methodists and Baptists

Significant People: Abraham Baldwin, William Few, George Mathews, James Jackson, John and Elijah Clarke, George Troup, Josiah Meigs, Eli Whitney, John Milledge, Alexander McGillvray

IV.       ANTEBELLUM PERIOD 1820-1861

Political
Party development over issues of tariff, Mexican War, states’          rights, secession
Whigs more moderate, Democrats more radical and advocated secession
Compromise of 1850/ Georgia Platform
Increasing sectional tensions in the 1850s, rise of the Republican Party led to more radical feelings in Georgia
Capital moved to Louisville in 1795 and to Milledgeville in 1804
Indian Removal- Creeks and Cherokee
“Civilization program”
Demand for Indian land
Resistance to removal
Cherokee Supreme Court cases
Treaty of Indian Springs   
Trail of Tears

Economic Development
Cotton in piedmont, rice on coast
Food crop production- corn and other crops
Development of transportation
Roads
1830s - Railroads- Georgia RR, Central of Georgia,
Western and Atlanta and smaller lines
Limited development of manufacturing- cotton mills,
tanneries, quarries, turpentine distilleries, lumber

 

Social and cultural development
Social groups:  Planter elite, small planters, yeomen Farmers                                             (majority of white population), poor whites, free African                                             Americans, enslaved African Americans
Education- Limited.  Academies and private schools, tutors on
plantations, poor schools in some towns. 
Higher education: Franklin College (UGA), and colleges
founded by religious denominations such as Emory, Oglethorpe,                                       Mercer.  Wesleyan for women.  Medical College of Georgia
A few intellectual and civic organizations emerged
Some social reforms including academy for the blind, academy for the deaf,                               asylum for the mentally ill

Significant People:  William Harris Crawford, George Gilmer, Wilson Lumpkin, Howell Cobb, Herschel Johnson, Alexander Stephens, Robert Toombs, Joseph Brown, William McIntosh, John Ross, Major Ridge, Sequoyah, Elias Boudinot, Crawford W. Long

V.        CIVIL WAR 1861-65

Georgia voters divided in 1860 election between Breckinridge for southern Democrats;            Bell of Constitutional Unionists; and Douglas of the northern Democrats.
Secession convention a struggle between immediate secessionists and cooperationists           who hoped to stay in the union through another compromise.
Seceded in January.  Confederate States of American formed in February.  War began           after firing on Ft. Sumter, SC in April.  Georgia had an uneasy relationship with           the Confederate government throughout the war.
Industry expanded.  Atlanta became quartermaster and commissary headquarters of             Confederacy. Confederate Powder Factory in Augusta.
Problems during war with inflation, shortages, morale, opposition to the draft, class       resentments. Educational institutions suffered, many closed.

 

Military
Union blockade of coast; Union capture of Ft. Pulaski
1863 Battle of Chickamauga
1864 Sherman’s fight to Atlanta and subsequent Battle of Atlanta
November-December- Sherman’s March to the Sea
February 1865- Sherman moved out to Carolinas
April 1865- Columbus captured by Gen. James Wilson
Liberation of African Americans from slavery

Significant People: Joseph E. Brown, Alexander Stephens, Robert Toombs, Howell and T.R.R. Cobb, Henry Benning, Braxton Bragg, Joseph E. Johnston, William Tecumseh Sherman, Henry Wirz

VI.       RECONSTRUCTION 1865-77

Political
Under Lincoln and Johnson Plans
Military Reconstruction 
Emergence of Republican Party in Georgia
Political enfranchisement of African Americans
Constitution of 1868
Atlanta became state capital in 1868
Readmission in 1868.   Expulsion of Black legislators.
Reinstitution of reconstruction/military
2nd readmission in 1870.  “Redemption”
1870s- Rise of “Bourbon” Democrats to power
Constitution of 1877
13th, 14th, 15th Amendments to U.S. Constitution

Economic
Freedman’s Bureau
Return to agriculture including cotton production
Emergence of tenant farming/sharecropping
Emergence of crop lien system of credit
Emergence of Atlanta as a center of distribution and commerce
Rebuilding of infrastructure including railroads

Social and Cultural Development
State supported public school system (segregated)
Primary grades only, 3 month term
Reopening of colleges.  Some new state colleges.
First African American colleges.
Founding of independent African American churches
Rise of KKK

Significant People: Charles J. Jenkins, Joseph E. Brown, Rufus Bullock, John B. Gordon, Jefferson Long, William Jefferson White, Bishop Henry McNeal Turner, Gustavus J. Orr, Sidney Lanier

VII.      GILDED AGE/PROGRESSIVE ERA- 1877-WORLD WAR I

Political
Democratic Party Consolidation of Power
The Farmers’ Alliance
Populist challenge in the 1890s
Disfranchisement of African American Voters
Passage of laws of segregation by state and local governments
Leo Frank Case
Rebirth of KKK at Stone Mountain

Economic
Agriculture
Increasing tenant farming/sharecropping/crop lien
“New South” 
Diversity in agriculture      
Industry  - Textiles, Processing other natural resources
New industry- Coca Cola
Urbanization in a few areas
Convict lease system

Social/ Cultural
Education increased.  New colleges founded.  More professionalization of education
Race Relations
Booker T. Washington/WEB DuBois Approaches – Atlanta Compromise speech
Resistance to segregation
Court Cases
Atlanta Race Riot
Emergence of African American businesses, civil and social
organizations

Significant People: William and Rebecca Latimer Felton, Hoke Smith, Thomas E. Watson, John Marshall Slaton, Leo Frank, Joel Chandler Harris, Henry Grady, Booker T. Washington, WEB DuBois, Alonzo Herndon, Asa Candler, Martha Berry

VIII.     WWI-WWII
Military bases in World War I
Population Migration of African Americans to the North
1920s
Modernization
Automobiles and radios, electricity in urban areas; movies; airplanes
“Roaring twenties”- jazz, flappers, etc. and backlash to that
Economic
Continuing predominance of agriculture with some diversification; Sharecropping/crop lien continued
Problems with boll weevil- affecting agriculture and textiles
1930s- Depression
New Deal of President Franklin Roosevelt.
Programs of relief (PWA, WPA, CCC for example created jobs),
recovery such as AAA, and reform (social security, banking,           REA for                                 example) opposed by Governor Eugene Talmadge
Decline in sharecropping/diversification in agriculture

Significant People: Walter George, Richard Russell, Eugene Talmadge, E. D. Rivers, Erskine Caldwell, Margaret Mitchell, Arthur Raper, Lillian Smith, Robert Woodruff, Charles Herty

IX.       WWII to present

WWII- Brought military bases and industry to Georgia
Changed the economy
Economic Changes
Diversification of agriculture to include many crops such
as peaches, peanuts, soybeans
Mechanization of agriculture
Decline in agriculture especially family farms
1940s- 70s- Industrialization
Many industries including carpet, automobile, broiler (chicken processing),                      paper, and many others
1980s and 1990s- Growth of service and technology jobs
Emergence of Tourism as a major economic component
Rapid Urbanization and Suburbanization
Emergence of Atlanta as a major US city (financial, transportation,commercial                            center)
Economic problems for rural areas, small communities
Increased urban and rural poverty

Race Relations
Civil Rights Movement
Double Victory Campaign
SCLC, SNCC, CORE        
Albany Movement
Massive Resistance led by Herman Talmadge and others
End of Segregation and Disfranchisement
Integration of schools in 1960s/70s (UGA in 61)
African Americans voting and in elective office beginning in the 1960s

Political Change
End of County Unit System
African Americans in political arena
Emergence of viable two party system

Social and Cultural Changes
Population Migration from North (including African American by 1980s/90s)
Increased ethnic, racial, religious diversification
Growth of modern education system
1990s- Establishment of lottery and HOPE under Governor Zell Miller
Emergence of arts and other cultural and historic organizations
Emergence of professional sports/sports teams
Increase in emphasis on historic restoration and preservation
Atlanta as international business center and host of 1996 Olympic Games

Significant People: Ellis Arnall, Marvin Griffin, Ernest Vandiver, Hamilton Holmes, Charlayne Hunter, Martin Luther King, Jr., Carl Sanders, Lester Maddox, Jimmy Carter, Richard Russell, Sam Nunn, Carl Vinson, Flannery O’Connor, Alice Walker, Maynard Jackson, Andrew Young, Ray Charles