• Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space or volume.
• The particles that make up matter are too small to be seen.
• Matter exists in three states: Solid, Liquid, or Gas
• Solids: Particles in a solid are too close to one another and they vibrate in the same place.  Solids have a definite volume and definite shape.  To measure the volume of regular solids (like a cube or rectangular prism) multiply the width, height, and depth.  To measure the volume of an irregular solid (like a rock) use water displacement in a graduated cylinder.
• Liquids have a definite volume but no definite shape (they take the shape of their container).  The particles are relatively close to one another, but they move apart from each other and flow from place to place.  The volume of a liquid is measured in a graduated cylinder.
• Gases have no definite volume and no definite shape.  They take the shape and volume of their container because they fill all the space available.  The particles easily move apart from each other and spread through the available space.  We measure the volume of a gas in a graduated syringe.
• The movement and spacing of the particles determines the state of that matter.

• Mixturesare composed of two or more substances that are mixed together but can be separated from each other.  Mixtures can be made from various combinations of solids, liquids, or gases.

The substances in a mixture do not permanently change in the mixture, but they keep their separate properties.

• Solutionsare one type of mixture is a solution.  They are composed of substances that mix so completely that they cannot be distinguished as separate substances.  They can, however, be separated back into the separate substances.  One example of a solution is a mixture of a solid that dissolves completely in a liquid, for example salt or sugar in water.

• The following processes are used to separate mixtures:
• Filtrationis used to separate solid particles from a liquid.

                        For example, pouring the mixture through a filter paper in a funnel will trap the solid particles and only allow the particles of the liquid to pass through.  This method is used in water treatment plants as part of the process for separating dirt and other solid particles from water to produce clean drinking water.

• Sifting is used to separate smaller solid particles from larger solid particles. For example, the mixture of different sized solid particles can be put into a container that has a screen material at the bottom with holes of a certain size.  When the mixture is shaken, the smaller particles go through the screen leaving the large particles in the container.  Cooks, for example, sift flour to get a small particle size for baking leaving larger particles of flour in the sifter above the screen.  Sand and gravel companies, for example, separate rocks into different sized particles for road building and other construction projects using this method.

• Magnetic attractionis used to separating magnetic material from a mixture of other substances.  When a magnet is stirred through the mixture, it pulls out the magnetic material from the mixture.  A cow magnet, for example, is given to a cow to swallow. It stays in the first stomach of the cow keeping magnetic materials like wire and other harmful materials that cows swallow from going into the rest of their digestive system.

• Evaporation is used to separate a solid that has dissolved in a liquid solution.  The solution is heated or left uncovered until all the liquid turns to a gas (evaporates) leaving the solid behind.  Salt in salt water or ocean water, for example, is separated by heating the solution until all the water evaporates leaving the solid salt in the container.

• Chromatographyis used to separate and analyze the solutes in a solution.  For example, a small amount (2-3 drops) of the solution is put on a piece of filter paper which is put in a solvent.  The substances in the solution that dissolve most easily travel the furthest; and substances that do not dissolve easily do not travel very far.  The bands of color that are formed allow scientists to identify the substances in the solution by comparing them to the location of known substances forming bands of color on different filter papers.

• Floatationis used to separate solids that float from the remaining liquid in a mixture.  The solids are stirred and when they float to the top, they are skimmed off the surface of the liquid and put into a different container. This method is used, for example, in some water purification plants.

• Solutes (often solids) dissolve in solvents (often liquids) to form solutions. 
• The substance in a solution that is in the greatest amount is the solvent. It is usually the liquid.
• The substance in a solution that is in the least amount is the solute. It is usually the solid.
• The concentration of a solution is determined by relationship of the amount of solute to solvent. 
• When two solutions contain the same amount of solvent, the solution with the greater amount of solute is the more concentrated solution
• In order to make a solution more concentrated, add more solute.
• To make a solution less concentrated, add more solvent.

• The rate of dissolving (how fast a solute dissolves in a solvent).

The rate of dissolving can be affected by several factors.

• Temperature change.  Usually, if the temperature increases, more of the solute will dissolve faster.
• Particle size.  Usually, if the particle sizes are smaller, more of the solute will dissolve faster.
• Stirring.  Usually, if the solution is stirred, more of the solute will dissolve faster.

• Substances chemically combine when they are mixed, and the new substance formed cannot easily be separated into the original components.
• When substances chemically combine, a new substance is formed that has different properties from the original substances.
• Some examples of chemical changes:
• To make a cake, you can mix flour, water, egg, oil, and sugar, but after baking in the oven, the cake has different properties.
• Adding vinegar to baking soda will produce a gas. If the liquid is evaporated, a salt will remain.
• When steel wool is exposed to water, rust is formed.

• Foreign substances can mix with and dissolve in water, air, and soil resulting in pollution.
• These foreign substances are often produced as a result of activities associated with industry, agriculture, burning fossil fuels, or other processes associated with human activities.
• The greater the amount of the foreign substance, the more concentrated or harmful the pollution can be.