General Plant Tissues
Biennials Plants which grow for two seasons before bearing fruit and dying.
Shoot System The portion of the plant which is above ground (what you see). Root System The portion of the plant which is below ground.
Guard Cells These change shape to open and close the stomata (diaphragm). Vascular Tissue Type of tissue that transports fluid and materials (veins & arteries). Epidermis The outer layer of parenchyma and guard cells (skin and pores). Herbacious Plants which have bendable stems (rubber tubing).
Woody Plants which snap or break when bent (PVC pipe).
Annual Plants which only grow for one season.
Perennial Plants which return every year and do not need replanted.
Cuticle A waxy layer used to prevent water loss (lotion or liner).
Cork These cells are dead at maturity but help to retain water (raincoat). Root Hairs Extra branches from the root system that increases the surface area. Apical Meristem Type of dividing tissue found at the tips of a plant (construction). Lateral Meristem Type of dividing tissue throughout the plant except at the tips. Secondary Type of growth that increases the girth (diameter) of the plant.
Primary Type of growth that increases the length of the plant (taller). Periderm Name given to the protective outer bark (armor, callus).
Parenchyma Specialized outer layer tissue only a few cell layers thick (skin).
Schlernchyma Specialized tissue with double walls for added support (bones).
Collenchyma Specialized tissue that remains flexible yet supportive as celery
string/silt (muscles and tendons).

The tissue of the epidermis is made of...
• [A] parenchyma cells
• [B] stomates
• [C] sclerenchyma cells
• [D] companion cells

The complex tissues that carry water and food through the plant are called...
• [A] tracheids and vessels
• [B] xylem and phloem
• [C] sclereids and fibers
• [D] sieve cells and sieve tubes

The portions of roots that grow from apical meristems are part of the...
• [A] primary plant body
• [B] tertiary plant body
• [C] secondary plant body
• [D] quaternary plant body

Roots

Root Cap The protective covering found on the tips of roots.

Apical Meristem In roots, the dividing layer of cells found in the tips and side.

Mycorrhizae Mutually beneficial relationship between roots and fungi.

Nodules Mutually beneficial relationship between roots and bacteria.

Root Hairs Extensions of the epidermis that absorb water & nutrients.

Tap Root The root system that form deeply in the soil like dandelions.

Contractile Root The root system that pull the plant deeper to the optimal depth.

Runner Roots extending from a parent plant becoming an individual plant.

Graft The type of relationship when two types of roots grow together.

Fibrous The type of root system that spread out widely; like a cactus.

Prop Roots Specialized root structures to support plants like corn.

Pneumatophores Root structure used to transport oxygen to submerged roots.

Epiphytes Plants growing on others by attaching their root system to the host

Root hairs arise from cells called trichoblasts. Where are root hairs found?

• [A] in the root cap
• [B] in the apical meristem
• [C] in the epidermis

• [D] in the cortex

A root grows in length as the cells divide and elongate in the...

• [A] typical portion of the root
• [B] lateral portion of the root
• [C] apical portion of the root
• [D] older portion of the root

At the center of the apical meristem in gymnosperms and angiosperms is a group of cells called the quiescent center. What do these cells do?

• [A] sense the direction of the pull of gravity
• [B] divide rapidly to produce new root tissue
• [C] very little
• [D] protect the growing root as it pushes through the soil

The root cap has many functions. Which of the following is not a function of the root cap?

• [A] it generates new cells that differentiate into the tissues of the root
• [B] it protects the apical meristem
• [C] it senses the direction of gravity
• [D] it lubricates the root tip as it pushes through the soil

One of two common root systems in plants is dominated by one large root called a...

• [A] taproot
• [B] adventitous root
• [C] fibrous root
• [D] deep root

Like the cactus, the giant redwood along the coast of northern California have a...

• [A] root probe
• [B] fibrous root system
• [C] deep root
• [D] taproot

The flow of water and other dissolved substances into the vascular tissue of the mature root is blocked by the...

• [A] passage cells

• [B] casparian strip
• [C] quiescent center
• [D] epidermis

A new apical meristem may originate from where in a mature root?

• [A] the pericycle
• [B] the procambium
• [C] the root hairs
• [D] the root cap

 

Leaves

Epiphyte A plant that grows by attaching on another for its support

Succulent These adapted leaves look like stones (found in desert climates).

Stomata Openings in the leaf that allow gas to be exchanged.

Stiples The outgrowths at the base of the petiole.

Simple The type of leaf that has a single, undivided blade; maple leaf.

Palmately Netted venation in which the major veins radiate from one point.

Pinnately The compound leaf with leaflets not all originating from one point.

Bulb A short modified stem surrounded by fleshy leaves

Petiole The structure that holds the leaf to the stem.

Guttation The term used to describe the existence of water droplets on leaves due to loss of liquid water.

Alternate The stem/leaf arrangement where only one leaf attaches at each node.

Whorled The arrangement of three or more leaves on the stem at each node.

Opposite The arrangement of two leaves on the stem at each node.

Abscission The normal falling of leaves (or other plant parts) due to physiological
changes.

Guard Cells These structures open and close the stomates.

Spines Modified leaves used for protection; as exhibited in cacti

Blade The portion of the leaf that is flat.

Circadian Rhythm These biological rhythms follow a 24 hour cycle

Tendrils Specialized leaves that form on vines that aid in clinging & climbing

The leaves of gymnosperms are usually...
• [A] long, flat blades
• [B] palmate
• [C] pinnate
• [D] in the shape of needles or scales

The veins of monocots are usually...
• [A] perpendicular
• [B] pinnate
• [C] palmate
• [D] parallel

Leaves with a leaf base, petiole, and blade are characteristic of...
• [A] all angiosperms
• [B] monocots
• [C] dicots
• [D] gymnosperms

The bundle sheath found in leaves of monocots and some dicots
• [A] surrounds the veins
• [B] coats the leaves
• [C] protects the plant from sunlight
• [D] produces the vascular tissue

In which shape does the blade of a dicot leaf contain separate leaflets, each with radiating principal veins.
• [A] Compound pinnate

• [B] Compound palmate
• [C] Simple
• [D] Whorled

Stems

Woody These type of stems aren’t flexible; they break when bent.

Terminal Term used to describe a bud that occurs at the tip of the stem.

Bud Scales When the terminal bud is dormant, it is covered by this outer layer of
modified leaves. (2 words)

Herbacious These kind of stems that are flexible and can be bent.

Axillary Type of lateral buds found in the axils.

Lenticels Loosely arranged cells that allow gas exchange

Phloem Transports dissolved carbohydrates; found in vascular bundles

Xylem Transports water and dissolved minerals; found in vascular bundles

Softwood Term used to describe the type of wood coming from conifers.

Heartwood Term used to describe older, central wood that provides structural support.

Hardwood Term used to describe the type of wood derived from flowering plants.

Sapwood The lighter-colored wood that is closest to the bark

Annual Ring Allows one to determine the age of an tree.

Rhizome Stems that adapted to their environment by living underground; irises

Tuber Adapted stems with an enlarged food storage rhizome; potatoes

Bulb Short underground stems; tulips

Corm Underground stems which have stem tissue that serves as food; crocus

Runner Long stems growing parallel that start new plants; strawberries

Tendril Name given to the specialized structures that support vines.
In gymnosperms and angiosperms that are dicots, the vascular bundles of phloem and xylem...

• [A] form a cylinder
• [B] are scattered throughout the quiescent zone
• [C] are scattered throughout the epidermis
• [D] are scattered throughout the ground tissue

In both roots and stems, cells at the apex of the shoot differentiate into…

• [A] the endodermis

• [B] protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium
• [C] apical cells
• [D] the tunica and the corpus

Rhizomes, tubers, corms, and bulbs all grow below ground, in the soil. Each is a...

• [A] flower
• [B] root
• [C] stem
• [D] leaf

If there is little growth in the internodes of a plant stem, which of the following is true?

• [A] There are many leaves on the stem
• [B] The space between leaves on the stem is large
• [C] there are few leaves on the stem
• [D] the space between leaves on the stem is small

 

 

 

Flowers

Peduncle The structure that forms at the end of a flower stalk.
Perfect Flowers that possess both carpels and stamens.
Stamen The structure known as the ‘male’ part of the flower.
Pistil (Carpel) Structure known as the ‘female’ part of the flower.
Stigma The sticky end of the tube (female part); designed to capture pollen.
Ovary The structure that holds the unfertilized seeds
Style A long tube that connects the stigma to the ovary
Calyx Structure that holds the sepals together.
Corolla The petals are joined together to form this.
Filaments Male structure used to support the pollen sacs.
Anther Sacs which produce the pollen.
Endosperm Term used to describe the food for the developing embryo.
Nectar Name given to the food source that plants provide pollinators.
Cotyledon The pouch where food is stored in the seed.
Hypocotyl The small stem connecting the radicle to the food pouches.
Plumule The point where the hypocotyls attach to the cotyledon.
Peduncle It forms at the end of a flower stalk
Embryo Consists of the radicle, hypocotyl, and cotyledon
Radicle Structure that grows into the primary root.
Drupe Fruit which have a single-seeded, hard, stony pit; ex – peach, cherry
Simple Type of fruit developing from a flower with a single pistil.
Legume Dry fruit that splits along two sides; ex. – bean, pea

Berry Soft and fleshy fruit with numerous seeds; tomato & grape

Nut Single-seeded dry fruit with thick fruit wall; acorn & chestnut

Multiple Fruit develops from inflorescence; pineapple & mulberry

Accessory Fruit that develops from a flower in which the floral tube enlarges and
becomes part of the mature fruit; apple & strawberry

Aggregate Develops from a flower with many separate ovaries; raspberry &
blackberry

Grain Single-seeded, dry fruit with the seed fused to fruit wall; wheat & corn
Follicle Seeds that split along one side – milkweed & columbine
Achene Single-seeded; seed attach to fruit wall at the base only – sunflower

Capsule Seeds that split along many sides – poppy