Philosophical, or “Contemplative” Taoism
Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu… the 2 most important Taoists
The Books:
The Tao Te Ching...also called the Lao Tzu
The Chuang Tzu....(4th century BC)

Tao
= the Way of Reality (as a whole/before Nature)
= the order of Nature
= the way or path for humanity and for individual human beings
"hsuan" = deep, profound ... but not irrational and unpredictable), it is not chaotic and unpredictable.

Instead of the will of Heaven (Tien) or the standards of human thought and wishes, there is now Nature for the Taoists.

Tao = Nature and Being and a Way of life
"te" = virtue
te is Tao individualized
te = the individualizing factor
Te: virtue, or power ........can be realized or not....developed or not.
Not virtue in the sense of morality, but in Aristotle's sense of the true potentiality and function of a thing.  It is unaffected, free, spontaneous, and flowing.

The life of virtue:  p.12:        "Deep love, frugality, and not daring to be ahead of the world."   These are the ‘Three Treasures’ of Lao Tzu.
Love the earth and what is profound in our heart's humanity...
Faithfulness in words...  Order in government...  Competence in handling affairs... 
Timeliness in our activities...
Ching:   mental power....essential, subtle, psychic or spiritual, and skillful...
...that which shapes the world;  it is beyond our understanding.

The “way” of Nature… the way nature acts and achieves all things is called: 
wu wei… act by not acting;  non-action

Human beings are plagued by Reasoning and by self-consciousness.

The state of mind that would be best and “natural” for humans is called:
wu-hsin:    'no mind'... un-self-consciousness...
non-active  (non-straining)  function of the mind
Hsin....is true, is working properly, when it works as if it were not present.
Hsin is not just the conscious, surface mind...but it is integrated and spontaneous;  not calculated and full of memorized responses, or habitual, clichéd, conformist responses.

Weakness and Simplicity...(main virtues to cultivate)
Models of the life in Tao, or Symbols of the good life...water, infant, female, valley, uncarved block...
Simplicity and suppleness...seemingly weak...unspoiled by artifice or strife ( the uncarved block)...genuine and authentic in spirit and heart.
This simple life …… contrary to modern civilization...
Simplicity, not renunciation of life and society.
Weakness:
1.      A necessary virtue in life just as necessary as strength. ...bones and flexibility...(soft, pliable, gives)
2.     Weakness is often the only outward expression of real, or  true strength:

A life lived in accord with the Tao is a life which produces and nourishes without possessing:
...pointed without piercing
...sharp without cutting
...bright without blinding

That is...a life of "Taking no Action.".....Wu Wei...
wei wu wei :  to do by not doing;  act by not acting

This is the fundamental secret of Tao ... this is the secret of tao in nature, and tao in the person who lives free from the artificial strictures, forms, structures imposed since birth.  

liberation from convention… from patterns of thought and behavior.
liberation of the creative power of Te.
These are essentials of both Taoism and Zen Buddhism.