Chapter 8
African Civilizations and the Spread of Islam

I. Introduction
A. Mansa Musa – crossed Sahara on hajj
1. wealth symbolized potential of Africa
B. Sub-sahara never totally isolated
1. But…for periods contact was difficult and intermittent
C. Changes came from
1. Arrival of Muhammad followers
a. Commercial and military attributes
b. changed by Islam, but retained individuality
c. African culture not united
d. provided major external contact between sub-Saharan Africa and world
D. State building
1. Mali, Songhay – created more from military power than ethnic/cultural unity
2. Merchant city states on west/East coast
3. Portugese in 15th century brought Africans into world economy more
4. Bantu migration continued
5. Societies don’t build so much on previous civilizations

II. African Societies: Diversities and Similarities
A. Introduction
1. Diverse – large centralized states to stateless societies
a. Differences in geography, language, religion, politics
2. Universalistic faiths penetrated continent
b. but…universal states/religions don’t characterize history
B. Stateless societies
1. organized around kinship and other forms of obligation
2. council of families
a. or…secret societies of men/women
3. little concentration of authority
a. government – not a full-time job
b. after internal dispute, you can always leave and form new village
4. Unable to
a. mobilize for war
b. organize large building projects
c. create stable conditions for long distance trade
C. Common Elements in African Societies
1. Even though different, similarities existed
a. language – Bantu migration
b. thought
c. religion – animistic religion
1. power of natural forces
2. ritual and worship
3. dancing, drumming, divination, and sacrifice
4. witchcraft
5. cosmology – how universe worked
6. belief in creator deity
7. saw selves as first settlers, land meant more than economic usefulness
8. link of deceased ancestors
2. Economies
a. North Africa – fully involved in Mediterranean trade – quite different than rest
b. Settled agriculture and skilled metalwork had spread
c. Market life key for men and women
d. Professional merchants controlled trade
3. Population – least known – by 1500 – 30 to 60 million people
D. Arrival of Islam
1. Land conquered and reconquered by Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Vandals
a. Cyrene and Carthage became huge trading centers
2. 640-700 CE – Muslim followers spread across Africa
a. by 670, controlled Ifriqiya – Tunisia > Africa
1. Arabs called n.east Arica > Ifriqiya and west – Maghrib
b. When Abbasid dynasty united – many conversions
3. 11th century – Almoravids – ultra-conservative - reformers
a. launched jihad – holy war to purify, spread, protect faith
b. Almohadis – also reformers
1. Return to original teachings of Muhammad
4. Why attractive?
a. Egalitarian teachings – all Muslims are equally
b. Reinforced African kings authority
c. Equal footing with Arab invaders
d. …but
1. Disparity between law and practice
E. The Christian Kingdoms: Nubia and Ethiopia
1. Islands of Christianity left behind
2. Christian Egyptians – Copts
a. Traded with Byzantine Empire
b. Eventually split with empire – doctrinal and political issues
1. What differences
c. Muslim invaders allowed them to keep religion – tolerance
1. Met resistance in Kush/Nubia – couldn’t push Islam further
3. Axum > Ethiopia – most important African Christian outpost
a. Cut off, surrounded by pagans, influenced by Jewish/pagan immigrants
b. Dynasty appeared – build rock sculptures
c. Traced origins to marriage of Solomon and Sheba – Bible
d. Maintained its brand of Christianity – isolated
e. in 1542 Portugese expedition pushed back Muslim invaders
1. But…couldn’t push Catholic faith, remained isolated

III. Kingdoms of the Grasslands
A. Introduction
1. Three coasts – Atlantic, Indian, savanna on edge of Sahara
2. Edge of desert
1. Gold found
2. Camels improved trade
a. Sahel – grassland belt – best place to live – centers of trade
3. African states emerge as trade intermediaries
4. Location makes them open to droughts and attack
5. 10th century Ghana rose to power through taxing salt, gold exchange
B. Sudanic States
1. Patriarch or council of elders
a. Power over subordinate communities
1. Collect taxes, tribute, military support
b. States emerge – Ghana, Mali, Songhay
2. Rulers separated from commoners through ritual – think “mandate of heaven”
C. The Empire of Mali and Sundiata, the “Lion Prince”
1. Mali – 13th century – Malinke broke away from Ghana
a. Rulers supported Islam – encouraged obedience to ruler
1. built mosques
2. attended public prayers
3. supported preachers
b. juula – traders
c. Sundiata – Sunjata – brilliant leader
1. Lion Prince – expaned Mali
2. Originator of social arrangements – divided into clans – castelike
a. 16 free to bear arms, 5 religious, 4 blacksmiths
3. Created peace through loyalty, severely punished crimes
a. Security of traders key to survival
b. Ibn Batuta – Arab traveler – noted impressive security
d. Mansa Musa – 1324 trip to Mecca – awesome, impressive
1. passed out gold – devalued
2. brought back Ishak al-Sahili architect – great Mosque of Jenne
D. City Dwellers and Villagers
1. Cities flourished – Timbuktu and Jenne
a. Mosque, library, university
b. Book trade
c. Difficult life – soil sandy and shallow
1. Clearing land done communally
2. Polygamy for the purpose of having more labor
d. irrigation in Timbuktu
E. The Songhay Kingdom – middle Niger Valley
1. “masters of the soil” and “masters of the waters”
2. 1370, Songhay broke from Mali – gold trade
3. Sunni Ali – ruthless, tactical commander
a. Expanded borders, created administration
4. Mid-16th century Songhay dominated Sudan
5. Familiar pattern – created unique brand of Islam
a. pagan/Muslim beliefs both believed
1. fusion, priests still need to work with local spirits
b. local interpretation of Muslim law
c. woman mixed freely in public, no veil
6. Downfall when Muslim army from Morocco came down > this led to revolts
7. Muslim role in city
a. Came as merchants – joined communities
b. Though minorities, became elite
1. Located throughout west Africa, but no Islamicized state
c. Intermarriage took place
F. Political and Social Life
1. Large states represented goals of elite family/group
2. Islam served many groups
a. Common religion/law united
b. Trust to merchants
c. leaders took names emir/caliph to reinforce authority
d. as advisors/scribes – Muslims helped with administration
e. maintained theocracy – spiritual and political leader
f. with new states came increased social differences
3. Adjustment
a. Women
1. Many societies matrilineal
a. But…Sharia…Islamic law says it must be patrilineal
b. Many visitors shocked at African women’s equality
2. Impact of slavery – 4.8 > 7 million traded
a. Always existed, Muslims brought it to new heights
1. Muslims saw slavery as process in conversion
b. Used as servants, laborers, soldiers, administrators, eunuchs, concubines
1. Led to desire to enslave women and children
2. Children of slave mothers freed
a. Need for more slaves

IV. The Swahili Coast of East Africa
A. Introduction
1. Indian Ocean coast – center for Islamic influence
a. string of Islamicized trading cities – why?
1. universal set of ethics
2. maritime contacts easier
2. Compromise between indigenous ways and new faith
B. The Coastal Trading Port
1. Founding – Bantu people from 1st century to 10th century
a. Even Indonesia and Malay in 2nd century- bananas/coconuts on Madagascar
b. Fishers, farmers made rough pottery & iron
2. 13th century – urbanized trading ports – at least 30 port towns
a. Shared Swahili language
b. Contained mosques, tombs, palaces cut of stone and coral
c. Exported ivory, gold, iron, slaves, exotic animals
d. Imported silks – Persia, porcelain – China
e. Sofala – beautiful coastal city, gold access, furthers south to catch monsoon
1. Riding the monsoon season key to trading in Indian Ocean]
f. link to coastal commerce and caravan trade
g. Chinese sailing expeditions – 1417 > 1431 – big boats – National Geographic
C. Mixture of Cultures – Islam fused with local religions – not entirely accepted
1. 13th century – great Islamic expansion
a. Trust and law to facilitate trade
b. Ruling families built mosques and palaces
c. Claimed to be descendants of Persian ruling familes
1. Gave rule legitimacy
d. Rulers and merchants Muslim, but others retained beliefs
2. Swahili language – Bantu + Arabic words
a. Arabic script used
3. Islam didn’t penetrate internally
a. Class based
4. Women – some still were matrilineal, some patrilineal
5. 1500 Portuges arrive
a. Wanted to control gold trade
b. Established Fort Jesus, but couldn’t control trade

V. Peoples of the Forest and Plains
A. Introduction
1. Internally – following own trajectories independently
a. Some herding, some agricultural
b. Some small villages, some larger states
2. Most preliterate – knowledge, skills, traditions through oral methods
a. But…could still make strides in arts, building and statecraft
B. Artists and Kings: Yoruba and Benin
1. Nigeria, Nok
a. Terra cotta/bronze realistic/stylized art
1. portrait heads of rulers
b. Long gap in history
2. Yoruba
a. Agricultural society led by ruling family/aristocracy
b. City Ile-Ife
c. Spoke non-Bantu language
d. Small city-states, regional kings
e. Urbanized nature similar to city-states of Italy/Germany
3. Benin – Edo peoples
a. Ivory/bronze art – sculptures
1. Some even included Portugese soldiers
b. Ruler in large royal compound
C. Central African Kingdoms
1. South of rain forest near Lake Victoria
2. State formation replaced kinship based societies
a. Rituals reinforced ruler’s power
b. Luba peoples - believed leaders controlled fertility of humans/agricult.
D. The Kingdom of Kongo and Mwene Mutapa
1. Kongo
a. Art – weaving, pottery, blacksmithing
b. Sharp division of labor
2. Farther east – Bantu confederation – built royal courts of stone
a. zimbabwes – stone houses – Great Zimbabwe most famous
1. Some even believed Phoenicians – prejudices
b. Mwene Mutapa
1. Controlled gold, glass beads, porcelain trade
2. Iron weapons

VI. Global Connections
A. Reality – more written records in Sudanic states and Swahili coast – Islam
B. Synthesis of African/Islamic values changed some Africans lives
C. Portugese arrived in 15th century
D. Muslims and Portugese intensified trade of ivory, slaves and gold
1. Widened trade and global relations