Concept Review Questions and Answers—Chapter 15

15.1 What Is Ecology?

1. List 3 abiotic factors in the environment of a fish.
There are many possibilities: water temperature, sediment in the water, light, type of bottom, current, etc.

2. List 3 biotic factors in the environment of a songbird.
There are many possibilities: food organisms; lice, fleas and other parasites, trees they nest in, mates, etc.

3.What is the difference between the terms ecosystem and environment?
Ecosystem is an interactive unit consisting of all the interacting organisms in an area along with their physical (abiotic) surroundings. The environment is anything that affects an organism during its lifetime.

15.2 Trophic Levels and Food Chains

4. Describe two ways that decomposers differ from herbivores.
Decomposers: bacteria and fungi use dead organisms as food, typically secrete enzymes outside the cell, and absorb digested food through cell wall.
Herbivores: Animals, typically use living plant material as food, process food in a digestive system.

5. Name an organism that occupies each of the following trophic levels: the producer trophic level, the second trophic level, the third trophic level.
Producer: any plant (orchid, grass, maple tree, cattail, etc.), any algae (sea weed, etc.), cyanobacteria
Second trophic level: any herbivore (horse, kangaroo, leaf eating insect, zooplankton, etc.)
Third trophic level: any carnivore (lion, cat, dragonfly, shark, owl, etc.)

6. What is the difference between an ecosystem and a community?
A community consists only of the living portion of an ecosystem. An ecosystem consists of organisms and their abiotic surroundings.

15.3 Energy Flow Through Ecosystems

7. Describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem.
Energy flow begins with the capture of light energy by plants and other organisms that carry on photosynthesis. The light energy is converted to the chemical bond energy in organic molecules.  Herbivores eat the organic molecules of plants and obtain their energy. Carnivores eat herbivores and obtain energy from the organic molecules of herbivores. Decomposers utilize the organic molecules of dead organisms as a source of energy.

8. Why is an herbivore biomass usually larger than a carnivore biomass?
Since about 90% of the energy present at any trophic level is lost as it is transferred to the next higher trophic level and the energy is in the form of organic molecules, there must be fewer organic molecules and less biomass at higher trophic levels.

9. Can energy be recycled through an ecosystem? Explain why or why not.
No, energy cannot be recycled. It arrives as sunlight and is lost to outer space by radiation from the earth’s surface. Whenever energy is converted from one form to another some of the usefulness of the energy is lost as low quality heat to the surroundings.

15.4 The Cycling of Materials in Ecosystems

10. Trace the flow of carbon atoms through a community that contains plants, herbivores, decomposers, and parasites.
Plants obtain carbon from carbon dioxide through the process of photosynthesis. The carbon is present in organic molecules. Herbivores eat plants and obtain carbon from the organic molecules of plants. These organic molecules are incorporated into the bodies of the herbivores. Parasites of plants or animals feed on the organic molecules of the host and incorporate these molecules into their bodies. Plants, herbivores, parasites, and decomposers carry on respiration and release carbon dioxide. Decomposers utilize organic molecules from dead organisms. Some of these organic molecules are incorporated into the cells of the decomposers, others are metabolized and carbon dioxide is released.

11. Describe four different roles played by bacteria in the nitrogen cycle.

• Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in the roots of legumes and convert N2 to a form plants can use.
• Free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in the soil and convert N2 to a form plants can use.
• Decomposer bacteria break down proteins and release ammonia.
• Different kinds of nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia to nitrite and then to nitrate.
• Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrite to N2.

12. Describe the flow of water through the hydrologic cycle.
Solar energy causes the evaporation of water from oceans, lakes, rivers, soil surface, and organisms. Changes in temperature conditions results in the condensation of water from the atmosphere and it falls as precipitation. Water enters the soil and becomes part of the ground water or flows over the surface to the oceans. Ground water also slowly flows toward surface water bodies like lakes and rivers and toward the ocean.

13. List three ways the carbon and nitrogen cycles are similar and three ways they differ.
Similarities:
Materials flow from producer to herbivore to carnivore.
Decomposers break down organic molecules to inorganic molecules.
The source of the inorganic material is the atmosphere (N2 and CO2).
Differences:
Many kinds of bacteria are involved in a nitrogen cycle that is not in the carbon cycle.
Only denitrifying bacteria release N2 while all organisms release CO2.
Decomposers produce ammonia as an intermediate in nitrogen cycle.

14. Describe the major processes that make phosphorus available to plants.
Phosphorus is present in rocks. The processes that make it available are uplifting of phosphorus-containing rock by geologic process, erosion of the rock by precipitation and wind, and dissolving of phosphorus-containing compounds in water.

15.5 The Human Use of Ecosystems

15. Why must people who live in countries that are not able to produce surplus food eat grains?
When plant materials are fed to animals about 90% of the usefulness of the energy is lost. If food is in short supply, feeding at the herbivore level results in more energy being available to the population.

16. Define productivity.
Productivity is a measure of how much useful energy is stored in the biomass of organisms compared to the amount of energy entering them.