Global History and Geography I
Final Exam Review Packet

Know each of the following terms, concepts, or people. Be sure you can explain each one’s relationship to the Global History course.

1. Define Neolithic Revolution.
- The period of time during which agriculture is introduced and developed
What was the main result of the Neolithic Revolution?
- People change from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled agricultural people
o Systematic agriculture and domestication of animals

2. What were the Crusades?
- Series of wars from the 1000s-1200s in which European Christians tried to regain the holy land from the Muslims

List three results of the Crusades in Europe.
A. European economies expand- crusaders brought new goods and spices from the Middle East to Europe Cultural Diffusion
B. Increased power of Monarchs and Catholic Church- rulers collected more taxes to support crusades and religious enthusiasm increased
C. Wider worldview- Christians realized there were new people and areas they never knew existed in the world, curiosity eventually leads to exploration

3. What do the following have in common: Gupta Empire in India, Golden Age of Greece and the Renaissance in Italy?
a. All of them had golden ages (periods of great cultural achievements)
 Gupta- advances in math and science
 Greeks- advances in architecture, government, and law (juries)
 Italy- humanism, architecture, art, printing press

4. Define secular- having to do with worldly issues, (NONRELIGIOUS)

Define Renaissance- a time of creativity and rebirth of culture and ideas- political, social, economic and cultural

How is the term secular related to the Renaissance?
- The Renaissance is focused around non religious issues- learning/art/individual achievement

What does individualism have to do with the Renaissance?
- Focuses on the individual and creativity, during the Renaissance individual achievements in art and literature were common

How did the Renaissance contribute to the Protestant Revolution?
- Humanist ideas (focus on own experiences) such as social reform and return to classical (Greek and Roman) education- this lead people to begin questioning the church and exposing their ideas.

5. Who was Niccolo Machiavelli?
- Renaissance writer

What did he write?
- The Prince which was a guide for rulers
What did he say was a leader’s goal?
- gain and maintain power

What was a leader allowed to do to reach his goal?
- Anything necessary

6. The religious diversity in Europe is a result of the
- Protestant Reformation

7. What effect did the Protestant Reformation have on the power of the Catholic Church?
- It weakened or decreased it

8. Who was Martin Luther?
- A German monk who spoke out against the corruption and abuses of the Catholic Church
Define Ninety-Five Theses.
- 95 arguments against indulgences

What was the purpose of the Ninety-Five Theses?
- Luther argued that indulgences had no place in religion, Christians could only be saved through faith, and the pope did not have the power to release souls from their sins

9. What did the existence of civilizations like Ghana, Mali, etc. demonstrate about Africa?
- Africa had developed/complex civilizations

10. When the Roman Empire fell its eastern half became known as the Byzantine Empire and then the Ottoman Empire.

Under the Ottoman Empire, the main religion of the area was
-Islam
What were Muslim scholars encouraged to do during the Ottoman Empire?
- Reject western ideas and technologies

11. What two countries led in exploration and colonization?
- Portugal and Spain
What motivated Europeans who explored the world during the 15th and 16th centuries?
- Spices, luxury goods, wealth, glory

What was one effect of European exploration on the Americas?
- Columbian Exchange, slave trade, many deaths among Native Americans
12. Define Mercantilism.
- Policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its wealth

What was the role of the colonies in mercantilism?
- Colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country- provided resources and raw materials as well as a market for the mother country’s goods

13. During the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe, absolute monarchs wanted to increase their political power.

14. What was the most important effect of the fall of the western half of the Roman Empire?
- Political instability weak central government rise of feudalism

15. Define westernization.
- The adoption of western ideas, technology and culture

The absolute monarch who westernized Russia was
- Peter the Great
What tactics did he use?
- Autocratic- absolute power and authority, tortured and executed rebels

What did he accomplish?
- Warm water port of St. Petersburg, expanded Russia’s territory, created a strong army (“Window to the West”)

16. Complete the chart below on Hinduism and Buddhism.
Hinduism Buddhism
Founder
No single founder, began as a way of life, not a religion Siddhartha Gautama
3 Basic Beliefs
1. moksha- ultimate goal is to achieve this by getting rid of selfish desires
- karma- all of a person’s actions which decide their after life
2.reincarnation- rebirth of the soul in another bodily form

3. dharma- religious and moral duties of the individual
1. 4 Noble Truths- life is full of suffering, cause of suffering is selfishness etc..

2. eightfold path- ways for Buddhists to achieve 4 noble truths (right views, right conduct etc..)

3. nirvana- ultimate goal, being free from desire, temptation, (anything that would go against 4 noble truths)
Salvation - Karma: a person’s afterlife is determined by their actions in life

- Nirvana: achieved by reaching the 4 noble truths by following the 8 fold path

17. How were Hinduism and Buddhism similar?
- Nonviolence, karma, dharma, reincarnation

18. Confucius was a philosopher from
 China
- His goal was to bring social order and good government to society.
List 3 of his main ideas.
1. Social order- older people superior to younger, men superior to women
2. Filial piety- respect towards one’s parents
3. Leaders should provide good gov’t and in return people would be respectful and loyal
19. What is the difference between monotheism and polytheism?
- Monotheism- belief in 1 god/goddess (Christianity, Islam)
- Polytheistic- belief in many/multiple gods/goddesses (Hinduism, Greece, Rome)

20. The religion of Judaism began in
- Middle East , mainly where modern day Israel lies
The sacred book of Judaism is The Torah
What are the Ten Commandments?
 Set of laws given to Jews by God
o 1st 4 focus on religion
o The rest focus on conduct towards others (“you shall not steal”)
List 3 important beliefs of Judaism.
1. Strong code of ethics (moral standards)
2. Patriarchal- men held the authority
3. System of laws- cleanliness and food preparation as well as criminal behavior

21. Christianity was founded by
- Jesus Christ
The sacred book of Christianity is
- The Bible
List 3 important beliefs of Christianity.
1. Justice
2. Morality
3. Service to others

22. Islam was founded by
- Muhammad
Someone who follows Islam is called a
- Muslim
List 3 important beliefs of Islam.
1. People are responsible for their actions
2. Honesty, generosity and social justice
3. 5 pillars of Islam

23. Define Hijra (hegira).
- Journey by Muhammad to Mecca

Why is the Hijra important to Muslims?
- Once in Mecca, many Muslims agreed to follow Muhammad’s teachings and many Arabs converted to Islam

24. How are the Five Pillars of Islam and the Ten Commandments of Judaism similar?
- They provide rules and guidelines for their followers on how to live their lives

25. What did the Twelve Tables of Rome, the Code of Hammurabi and the Justinian Code all establish?
- A set of laws

26. Define feudalism.
- Loosely organized system of gov’t in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord

What time period did feudalism influence Europe? Why then?
- Middle Ages, because it was a time of political instability in which conflicts and violence were common (lack of centralized gov’t)

27. What was the role of the Roman Catholic Church during the Middle Ages in Europe?
- It controlled society and peoples’ lives

28. The earliest civilizations all developed near rivers because they provided
a. Regular water supply
b. Means of transportation
c. Animals then went to river to drink were a source of food
d. Fertile soil for farming
Name the river that goes with each civilization.
Egypt: Nile
Mesopotamia: Tigris and Euphrates
India: Indus
China: Yellow

29. Explain cultural diversity.
- the variety of human societies or cultures in a specific region, or in the world as a whole

What causes cultural diversity in an area to develop? (like variations seen in South America, Africa and Asia)
- Migration of people to different regions as well as cultural diffusion

30. Define interdependence.
- Mutual dependence of countries on goods, resources, labor and knowledge from other parts of the world

31. The journals of early travelers or explorers are considered what type of source? (primary, secondary, fiction)
- Primary source
32. What was the major contribution of the Byzantine Empire?
- Continues Greek and Roman culture.
- Justinian’s Code

33. In what geographic region were the Maya, Aztec and Inca empires located?
- Central and South America

How were these empires similar and different?
- Similarities: region, agriculture, poor treatment by Europeans, civilizations, encomienda system
- Differences: causes for demise, farming methods, religion

34. Define the Columbian Exchange
- The exchange of goods between Europe and the Americas that began with Christopher Columbus

Goods from America to Europe Goods from Europe to America
Tomatoes, pumpkins, peppers, corn, potatoes,

Wheat, grapes, cattle, pigs, horses, chickens

35. Define absolute monarchy:
- A ruler with complete authority over the government and the lives of the people

Name two absolute monarchs:
1. Louis XIV
2. Peter the Great
From where/whom does an absolute monarch get his power? God
To whom does an absolute monarch have to answer? No one
This idea is called the Divine Right to rule.

36. What do the Roman Catholic, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox religions all have in common?
- Christianity, Jesus Christ

Which of these religions was the main religion of Russia?
- Eastern Orthodox