Reading Guide Chapter 12
Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance
Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance (1350-1550)
I. ID the term Renaissance
II. Explain the urban society of the Italian states and how it helped bring about the Renaissance in Italy.
III. Describe the recovery that took place.
IV. What were general characteristics of the Italian Renaissance?
The Making of Renaissance Society
I. Economic Changes during the 14th Century
A. Italian city-states
B. Hanseatic League
C. patterns of manufacturing and the textile industry
D. New Industries
E. ID the Medici family and Renaissance Florence
II. Social Change in the Renaissance—Describe the following:
A. Nobility
B. Courtly Society
1. ID Baldassare Castiglione and The Book of the Courtier
C. The Third Estate
1. The Peasantry and the Decline of Manorialism and Serfdom
2. Urban Society
a. Patricians
b. petty burghers, shopkeepers, artisans, guild masters, and guild members
c. lowest levels
D. Describe Slavery during the Renaissance

III. The Family in Renaissance Italy
A. Background
B. Marriage
C. Children
D. Sexual Norms
The Italian States in the Renaissance
I. The Five Major Powers
A. Milan
B. Venice
C. Florence
D. The Papal States
E. Kingdom of Naples
II. Smaller City-States and Leaders
A. Federigo de Montefeltro and Urbino
B. Isabella d’Este and Mantua
III. ID the Peace of Lodi (1454)
IV. ID the Italian Wars (1494-1527)
V. The Birth of Modern Diplomacy
A. Ambassadors
B. Machiavelli and the New Statecraft
1. Background of Niccolo Machiavelli
2. ID The Prince. What are the main points and model? Why did Machiavelli write it? The Impact?
3. ID The Discourses.
The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy
I. Italian Renaissance Humanism
A. What is humanism?
B. How was it different than the scholasticism of the earlier period? (refer to earlier chapters)
C. The Humanists
Fill in the following chart:
Humanist Major Works and Dates Summary of their Works Misc. Information
Petrarch

Leonardo Bruni

Lorenzo Valla

Poggio Bracciolini

Marsilio Ficino


Giordano Bruno

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

II. Describe changes in education that occurred during the Renaissance.
III. Describe the relationship between Humanism and History,
IV. Explain the impact of Gutenberg’s Printing Press.
The Artistic Renaissance
I. Describe and explain the new artistic standards that arose during the Renaissance.
II. The Artists of the early Renaissance Period
Fill in the following chart:
Artist Major Works and Dates Summary of their Works Misc. Information
Masaccio

Paolo Uccello


Sandro Botticelli

Donato di Donatello

Filippo Brunelleschi

Piero della Francesca

III. The Artists of the High Renaissance Period
Fill in the following chart:
Artist Major Works and Dates Summary of their Works Misc. Information
Leonardo da Vinci

Raphael

Michelangelo

Donato Bramante

A. Why would Leonardo da Vinci be considered an all-around Renaissance Man?

IV. Explain the social status and financial gains of the artists.
V. The Northern Artistic Renaissance
A. How did it differ from the Italian Artistic Renaissance?
B. The Artists of the Northern Renaissance
Fill in the following chart:
Artist Major Works and Dates Summary of their Works Misc. Information
Jan Van Eyck

Albrecht Durer

VI. Describe Music during the Renaissance
The European State in the Renaissance
I. ID the New Monarchies

II. The Growth of the French Monarchy
A. Effects of the Hundred Years’ War
B. Charles VII
1. Policies
2. the taille
3. The Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
C. Louis XI
1. Background
2. Policies (Domestic and Economic)
3. Foreign Affairs
4. Impact of his reign
III. England
A. ID War of the Roses
B. Henry Tudor (VII)
1. Domestic Policies and Economics
2. Foreign Affairs
IV. Spain
A. Ferdinand and Isabella
1. marriage
2. Domestic Policies
3. religious policies
4. Impact
V. The Holy Roman Empire and the Hapsburgs
A. How was it different than England, France, and Spain?
B. Maximilian I
C. Charles V

VI. Eastern Europe
A. Poland
B. Bohemia
C. Hungary
D. Russia (Muscovy)
VII. The Ottoman Empire
A. The Rise
B. Impact on Europe
The Church in the Renaissance
I. Background—The Council of Constance
II. Heresy
A. What was it?
B. John Wycliffe and the Lollards
C. Jan Hus and the Hussites
III. Reform
A. Reforms at the Council of Constance
B. Papal Resistance to the Conciliar Movement
IV. The Renaissance Papacy
A. Describe
B. Julius II
C. Sixtus IV
D. Alexander VI
E. Leo X
F. What do you suppose was the impact of the Renaissance Popes on Latin Christendom in general?

Reading Guide—The Northern Renaissance (p. 346-348)
I. Background
A. How and when did the Renaissance spread to the northern states of Europe?
II. Christian Humanism
A. Similarities with the Italian Renaissance
B. Differences with the Italian Renaissance
C. General Characteristics of the Northern Renaissance
D. Impact of the Northern Renaissance
III. The Christian Humanists
Fill in the following chart:
Christian Humanists Background Major Works (Date) Ideas and Significance
Desiderius Erasmus

Sir Thomas More


Reading Guide—Chapter 14
Europe and the World: New Encounters (1500-1800)
I. On the Brink of a New World
A. The Motives
1. Interaction with Other Cultures prior to 1492
2. Economic Motives
3. Religious Zeal
B. The Means
1. Politics
2. Technology
II. The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire
A. Prince Henry the Navigator and early expeditions
B. Bartholomeu Dias
C. Vasco da Gama
D. Interaction with India
E. Searching for Spices
1. Alfonso de Albuquerque
2. Malacca
3. Other expeditions
4. Reasons for Success
III. Voyages to the New World
A. Columbus’ Theories
B. Columbus’ 1st Voyage
C. Columbus’ Discoveries

D. Other Explorers
1. John Cabot
2. Pedro Cabral
3. Vasco de Balboa
4. Ferdinand Magellan
IV. The Spanish Empire in the New World
A. The Conquistadors
1. Financing
2. Hernando Cortes v. Montezuma and the Aztec
3. Francisco Pizarro v. Atahualpa and the Inca
B. Explain the administration of the Spanish Empire
C. Explain the impact of expansion on both the native Americans and the Europeans
V. New Rivals on the World Stage
A. Background
B. Africa: The Slave Trade
1. Background
2. Origins
3. Growth
4. Effects
C. The West in Southeast Asia
1. Portugal
2. Spain
3. The Dutch
4. Mainland Southeast Asia
D. The French and British in India
1. The Mughal (Mogul) Empire
2. Impact of the Western Powers
a. The British
b. Rivalries
c. Results
E. China
1. The Ming Dynasty (1369-1644)
a. Achievements
b. Decline
2. The Qing Dynasty(Manchus)
a. Origins
b. Early Achievements
3. Western Inroads—Decline of the Qing
a. Russia
b. England
F. Japan
1. Background
2. Initial opening to the West
3. Act of Seclusion
G. The Americas
1. Spain and Portugal
2. West Indies
3. British North America
4. French North America

VI. Toward a World Economy
A. ID the Price Revolution
B. The Growth of Commerical Capitalism
C. Mercantilism
VII. The Impact of European Expansion
A. Background
B. The Conquered
1. Native American’s
2. Africa
3. Asia
4. Latin America
5. Ecology
6. The Catholic Missionaries
C. The Conquerors
1. Social Changes
2. Economic Changes
3. The Columbian Exchange
4. European Lifestyle
5. New World View
6. Psychological Impact
Reading Guide—Ch. 13
Reformation and Religious Warfare in the 16th Century
Prelude to Reformation
I. Background—Briefly review the main ideas of the Christian Humanist movement.
II. Prelude to Reformation: Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation
A. Abuses of the Clergy
B. Popular Religion—Expressions of Religious Piety
1. Explain the mechanical view of the process of salvation in regard to relics and indulgences.
2. The Modern Devotion
a. What was it?
b. ID Thomas a Kempis and The Imitation of Christ
c. explain the impact of popular mysticism and its relationship with the orthodox practices of the Roman Catholic Church
d. How did this new religious piety lead to disillusionment with the Church?
Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany
I. The Early Luther
A. Background Information about Luther
B. Explain Luther’s concept of “Justification by Faith”
C. Explain the increase in the sales of indulgences
1. Why was Luther so distressed by this?
D. The Ninety-Five Theses
E. The Leipzig Debate
F. Pamphlets of 1520
G. The Diet of Worms (1521)
II. The Rise of Lutheranism
A. The Urban Spread of Luthernaism
B. use of woodcuts
C. Crises of the mid-1520s
1. radical reformers
2. Christian Humanists
3. ID The German Peasant’s War and Thomas Muntzer. Include Luther’s reaction.
4. Explain why Luther was so dependent on the state.
III. Church and State
A. What doctrines had Luther changed from Catholicism and why?
B. Explain the concept of National Churches in regards to the Lutheran churches.

Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics
I. Charles V (1519-56)
A. Background
B. His Four Major Challenges
1. The Hapsburg-Valois Rivalry
2. the Papacy
3. the Turks
4. Germany’s Internal Situation
a. HRE internal political situation
b. Diet of Augsburg (1530)
c. the Schmalkaldic League
d. Peace of Augsburg (1555)
The Spread of the Protestant Reformation
I. Scandinavia
A. Sweden
B. Denmark and Norway
II. Ulrich Zwingli
A. Explain the make up of the Swiss cantons
B. Zwingli’s Life
C. What was a disputation?
D. Compare and Contrast Zwinglism with Lutheranism
E. Explain the growth of Zwinglism
F. The Marburg Colloquy (1529)
G. Swiss Civil War in 1531

III. The Anabaptists
A. Who were they?
B. Common Ideas?
C. Persecutions
D. The Fiasco at Munster (early 1530s)
E. Menno Simons and the Mennonites
IV. The Reformation in England
A. Background—“Defender of the Faith”
1. Anti-papal feeling
2. Anti-clericalism
3. Lollard and Christian Humanist influence
4. Henry’s Divorce and the Separation from Rome
B. Important Personalities
1. ID Cardinal Wolsey
2. ID Thomas Cranmer (Archbishop of Canterbury)
3. ID Thomas Cromwell
4. ID Anne Boleyn
C. The Act of Supremacy (1534)
D. Cromwell’s Dissolution of the Monasteries
E. Early doctrinal change with the Catholic Church
1. Background
2. Six Articles Act of 1539
3. Popular Acceptance and the role of Parliament
F. Henry’s Other Wives
G. Edward VI’s Religious Policies (1547-53)
H. Mary I’s Religious Policies (1553-58)
V. John Calvin and the Development of Calvinism
A. Background and his Conversion
B. The Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)
C. Calvinist Doctrine—How did it compare/contrast with Catholicism and the other Protestant religions?
D. Calvinist Organization in Geneva
1. Ecclesiastical Ordinances
2. The Genevan Consistory
3. The Spread of Calvinism

The Social Impact of the Reformation
I. The Effect on Families
A. Similarities with Catholicism
B. Changes to the conception of the family
C. The role of women
II. Education in the Reformation
A. How did the Protestant schools differ from the humanist schools?
B. The Gymnasium
C. The Genevan Academy
D. The Jesuits as Educators
III. Religious Practices and Popular Culture
A. The Decline of “Superstitious Customary Practices” Among Protestants
B. Reform of Other Social Practices
The Catholic Reformation

I. Geography
A. Using the above map, where were the following religions dominant and/or influential? Be sure to differentiate between the two.
1. Anglican
2. Calvinist
3. Roman Catholic
4. Lutheran
5. Anabaptists
II. Background to the Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)
A. The Emergence of a New Mysticism
1. Teresa of Avila
B. Regeneration of Religious Orders
C. New Religious Orders and Brotherhoods
III. The Society of Jesus
A. Ignatius of Loyola (Background) and The Spiritual Exercises
B. The Papal Bull of 1540 and the organization of the Jesuits
C. Major Activities
1. Who were Francis Xavier and Matteo Ricci?
D. Significance and Impact
IV. A Revived Papacy
A. Policies of Paul III
B. Paul IV and the Inquisition
V. The Council of Trent (1545-1563)
A. Goals?
B. Early Conflicts
C. Reaffirmation of Basic Catholic Doctrine
D. Reform
E. Impact

Politics and Wars of Religion in the 16th Century
I. The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
A. Background—Why had France seemed an unlikely place for a religious war?
B. Explain the social make up of the Huguenots
C. Explain the policies of Catherine de Medici
D. Catholics v. Protestants
Fill in the following chart:
Huguenots Politiques Ultra Catholics
Leaders

Goals

Supporters

E. The Wars
1. Outbreak
2. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572)
3. the formation of the Holy League
4. War of the Three Henries (1588-1589)
5. Henry IV (of Navarre)
6. Edict of Nantes (1598)
II. Philip II, the Most Catholic King of Spain (1556-1598)
A. List and explain the major goals, actions, and results of the reign of Philip II
1. Goals

2. Actions—Domestic and Foreign Affairs
3. Results

B. Revolt of the Netherlands
1. Background
2. Causes
3. Actions
4. Important Figures
5. Results
III. Elizabethan England
A. General Achievements
B. Religious Policy—The Elizabethan Settlement of 1559

C. Two Significant Minorities and their actions
1. Catholics
2. Puritans
D. Domestic Policies
E. Foreign Affairs

Reading Guide—Chapter 15
State Building and the Search for Order in the 17th Century
Background—Social Crises
I. Economic Stagnation
II. Population Trends
The Witchcraft Craze
I. Background
II. The Malleus Maleficarum (the Hammer of the Witches)
III. The Accused and the Trials
IV. Explanations
V. Witch Stereotypes
V. The Waning of the Witchcraft Hysteria (Why?)

The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)
I. Causes
A. French-Hapsburg Rivalries
B. Religious Motivations
C. Controversies over German Liberties
II. Four Major Phases—Actions, Important Personalities, and Results
A. Bohemian (1618-25)
B. Danish (1625-29)
C. Swedish (1630-35)
D. Franco-Swedish (1635-48)
E. What were the provisions and the impact of the Peace of Westphalia (1648)?

III. A Military Revolution
A. Greater Fire Power
B. Flexibility and Mobility
C. Discipline
D. Impact on European History
IV. Rebellions
A. Background
B. Peasant
C. Noble
D. Commoners

The Theory of Absolutism
I. Jean Bodin’s Theories
II. Bishop Jacques Bousset—Politics: Drawn from the Words of Holy Scripture
III. Theory v. Reality
Absolutism in Western Europe
I. France and Absolute Monarchy
A. Foundations of French Absolutism
1. Background
2. Cardinal Richelieu’s Centralization of Power under Louis XIII (1624-1642)
a. Huguenots
b. nobility
c. network of spies
d. intendant system
e. Foreign Policy
3. Cardinal Mazarin during the Minority of Louis XIV (1642-1661)
a. Background
b. ID the Fronde
B. The Reign of Louis XIV (1643-1715)
1. Routine of the “Sun King”
2. France’s Bewildering Feudal Overlaps
3. Control of State
4. Edict of Fountainebleau
5. Finances and Jean Baptiste Colbert
6. Versailles
7. the Wars of Louis XIV
a. Marquis de Louvois and the Army
b. Franco-Dutch Wars
c. ambitions against the Holy Roman Empire
d. The War of the League of Augsburg (1689-97—also known as the Nine Years’ War)
e. The War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713)
1. ID the Peace of Utrecht

8. Louis’ Legacy to France
II. The Decline of Spain
A. Weaknesses by the end of the reign of Philip II
B. Philip III (1598-1621)

C. Philip IV (1621-65)
D. Charles II (1665-1700)
Absolutism in Central, Eastern, and Northern Europe
I. Explain Voltaire’s Description of the Holy Roman Empire after 1648.
II. Brandenburg-Prussia and the House of Hohenzollern
A. Background
B. Frederick William, the Great Elector (1640-88)
C. Elector Frederick III (who becomes King Frederick I—1688-1713)

III. Austria and the House of Hapsburg
A. Background
B. Leopold I (1685-1705)
DOMESTIC ISSUES
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
IV. Italy
V. Muscovy Becomes Russia
A. Ivan IV, the Terrible
B. Times of Trouble
C. Muscovite Society

D. Peter the Great—Domestic Issues
E. Peter the Great—Foreign Affairs

VI. Scandinavia
A. Denmark
B. Sweden and the House of Vasa
VII. The Ottoman Empire
A. The Victories of Suleiman I, the Magnificent
B. Battle of Lepanto (1571)
C. Domestic Affairs
D. Foreign Affairs after 1600
VIII. Explain the Limits of Absolutism

Limited Monarchies and Republics
I. Poland
II. the Golden Age of the Dutch Republic
III. The Emergence of Constitutional Monarchy in England
A. James I and relations with Parliament
B. Charles I and relations with Parliament
1. ID the Petition of Right
2. ID Ship Money
3. Explain Charles’ religious policy and his work with William Laud
4. Scottish rebellion
C. Prelude to Civil War
1. Long Parliament and legislation
2. Immediate Cause of the Civil War
D. The Civil War (1642-46)
1. Sides???
2. Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army
3. Results
E. Split of Parliament and creation of the Rump Parliament
F. Cromwell’s Commonwealth (or military dictatorship)
G. The Restoration (1660)
H. Charles II, the Merry Monarch (1660-85)
I. Development of Political Parties
J. James II (1685-88)
K. ID the Glorious Revolution (1688)
IV. Responses to the English Revolution
A. Thomas Hobbes
B. John Locke
The Flourishing European Culture
The Changing Forces of Art
I. Art: Mannerism and Baroque
A. Mannerism
1. ID and distinguish it from Renaissance Art
2. El Greco
B. Baroque
1. ID and distinguish it from Mannerism
2. How was it part of the Catholic Reformation?
3. Peter Paul Rubens
4. Gian Lorenzo Bernini
5. Artemisia Gentileschi

C. French Classicism
1. Background
2. Nicholas Poussin
D. Dutch Realism
1. Background
2. Judith Leyster
3. Rembrandt van Rijn
II. A Golden Age of Literature in England and Spain
A. England
1. William Shakespeare
B. Spain
1. Theater—Lope de Vega
2. Literature—Miguel de Cervantes
III. Theater—French Neo-Classicism
A. How did the work of the French playwrights differ than that of the English and the Spanish?
B. Explain French Neo-Classicism
C. Jean-Baptiste Racine’s Greek Tragedies
D. Jean-Baptiste Moliere’s Satires

Reading Guide—Chapter 16
The Scientific Revolution
A. Background on the Scientific Revolution
1. Explain the controversy over the issue of late medieval influence on the Scientific Revolution.
2. What was the impact of the Renaissance scholars and artists?
3. What were the technical innovations of the early modern period?
4. Explain the role of mathematics.
5. What about magic?
6. What are the fundamental causes of the Scientific Revolution?
B. The Scientists and their Achievements
1. Explain the Ptolomaic Model
2. Complete the following chart:
FIELD SCIENTIST TIME PERIOD ACHIEVEMENTS
Astron-omy Nicolaus Copernicus

Tycho Brahe

Johannes Kepler

Galileo Galilei

Isaac Newton

Medicine influence of Galen

Paracelsus

Andreas Vesalius

William Harvey

Women in Science Margaret Cavendish

Maria Merian

Maria Winklemann

FIELD SCIENTIST TIME PERIOD ACHIEVEMENTS
Ration-alism Rene Descartes

What was Cartesian Dualism?
The Scientific Method Francis Bacon

Rene Descartes

Sir Isaac Newton

Science and Religion Galileo

Benedict de Spinoza

Blaise Pascal

3. Contrast the education of women in science with men in science.
4. How did the Scientific Revolution affect the 17th century’s image of man? How was it different from the old one?
5. Explain the scientific societies and Science in Society.

Reading Guide—Chapter 17
The 18th Century: An Age of Enlightenment
The Enlightenment
I. Background
A. Immanuel Kant’s motto “Dare to Know”
B. Relate to the Scientific Revolution
II. The Paths to Enlightenment
A. How did the philosophes see themselves?
B. Popularization of Science
1. Scientific ideas were spread to the masses not so much by scientists themselves as by popularizers
2. Bernard de Fontenelle
C. A New Skepticism
D. The Impact of Travel Literature
E. The Legacy of Locke and Newton
1. Explain the attraction of the philosophes to Isaac Newton
2. Explain the works of and the impact of John Locke
III. The Philosophes and Their Ideas
A. Who were the philosophes and what common bonds did they share? (include deism here)
B. The Three French Giants
Background Major Works Ideas
Baron de Montesquieu

Voltaire

Denis Diderot

C. Toward a New Science of Man
Background Major Works Ideas
David Hume

Francois Quesnay

Adam Smith

D. The Later Enlightenment
Background Major Works Ideas
Baron d’Holbach

Marie-Jean de Condorcet

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

E. Women in the Enlightenment
Background Major Works Ideas
Mary Astell

Mary
Wollstone-craft

IV. The Social Environment of the Philosophes
A. Social Backgrounds
B. Spread of Ideas to the Literate Elite
1. Books of the Philosophes
2. The Salons
3. Other Ways in which the Enlightenment spread
4. Secret Societies
Culture and Society in an Age of Enlightenment
I. Innovations in Art, Music, and Literature
A. Rococo—Watteau and Newmann
B. Neoclassicism—David
C. Baroque Music
D. Classical Music
E. Development of the Novel
F. The Writing of History
II. The High Culture of the 18th Century
A. Differentiate between high culture and popular culture
B. Describe the High Culture
1. An Increased Readership
2. Education and Universities
3. Crime and Punishment—Cesare Beccaria
4. Reforms in Medicine
III. Popular Culture
A. Festivals and Carnivals
B. Local Taverns and Drinking Habits
C. Urban Fairs
D. Chapbooks
E. Spread of Literacy and increase in Primary Education
Religion and the Churches
I. The Institutional Church
A. Background
B. Church-State Relations
C. Toleration and Religious Minorities
D. Toleration and the Jews
II. Popular Religion in the 18th Century
A. Background
B. Catholic Piety
C. Protestant Revivalism
1. Background
2. Pietism and the Moravian Brethren
3. John Wesley and Methodism
Reading Guide—Chapter 18
The 18th Century:
European States, International Wars and Social Change
The European States
I. Explain the utilitarian arguments reinforced by the philosophes regarding absolute monarchy.
II. Enlightened Absolutism
A. Explain the concept of natural rights.
B. What were the characteristics of the philosophes’ ideal for enlightened absolutism (despotism)?
III. The Atlantic Seaboard States
A. France
1. Describe the rule of Louis XV (1715-74).
2. What were the issues with Louis XVI (1774-92) and Marie Antoinette?
B. Great Britain
1. Explain the system of patronage
2. Explain how the position of prime minister came to represent the executive branch of government
3. ID Robert Walpole
4. ID William Pitt, the Elder
5. Which king tried to revive royal executive power and how?
C. Explain the decline of the Dutch Republic. (how and why)
IV. Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe
A. Prussia
1. Background—Reiterate the achievements of Frederick William, the Great Elector and Frederick I.
2. ID Frederick William I (both domestic and foreign affairs)
3. Explain the role of the Junkers.
4. Describe the lifestyle of the peasants and the middle class.
5. ID Frederick II, the Great (both domestic and foreign affairs)

B. Austria
1. Why was it difficult to provide common laws and a centralized administration in the Austrian Empire?
2. Explain Maria Theresa’s reforms
3. Support the following statement: “Joseph II was the most enlightened of the enlightened despots.”
C. Russia
1. Explain why Catherine the Great could not alienate the Russian nobility and how the nobility actually gained power under Catherine’s reign.
2. Explain the implications of Catherine the Great’s proposals for a new Russian law code? How do these guidelines place her in the category of “enlightened” and how does she fall short?
3. ID the Charter of the Nobility
4. ID Pugachev’s Rebellion
5. What land did Catherine gain for Russia and from whom?
D. ID the partitions of Poland
E. What was going on in Spain, Portugal, and Italy, and the Scandinavian states?
F. Explain the limits of Enlightened Absolutism.

Wars and Diplomacy
I. ID the following:
A. The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48)
B. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
C. The Seven Years’ War (1756-63)
D. The Treaty of Paris (1763)
II. Explain how European armies and warfare had changed.
Economic Expansion, Social Change, and the Social Order of the 18th C.
I. Economic Patterns of the 18th Century
A. economic depression of the 17th century began to end in the early 18th century
B. era of rapid population growth
C. expansion in banking and trade
D. British Agricultural Revolution
E. beginnings of industrialization
F. increase in worldwide trade system
II. European Population
A. Describe the population explosions that occurred in Europe during this time period
B. Explain Thomas Malthus population theories (look this up in the index)
III. Family, Marriage, and Birthrate Patterns
A. Explain the concept of the family and family roles
B. What were traditional attitudes towards childcare? How and why did they change during the second half of the century?
C. Explain lower class responses to the anxiety of childcare.
D. Who was beginning to use birth control techniques?
IV. ID the Agricultural Revolution

V. Explain the rise of banking, particularly in England
VI. What was the most important industry in Europe during the 19th century?
A. ID Cottage Industry (or domestic system or putting out system)
B. How did textile production change during the century?

The Social Order of the 18th Century
I. Social status was still largely determined not by wealth and economic standing, but by the division into the traditional “orders” or “estates” determined by heredity and quality.
A. supported by Christian teachings
B. attacked by Enlightened thinkers, but did not die easily
C. Explain how some forces of change were at work in this traditional society.
D. Despite these changes—it would be the revolutionary upheavals at the end of the century before the old order or regime would disintegrate
II. Describe the social order of …
A. The Peasantry
1. Background
2. The Village
3. The Peasant Diet
B. The Nobility
1. Background
2. Explain court society as exemplified at Versailles
3. Explain the country estates and country homes
4. ID the Grand Tour
III. The Inhabitants of Towns and Cities
A. How did the social importance of towns differ in eastern and western Europe?
B. Use a pyramid to show the hierarchy in cities and towns. Be sure you understand the role of all of the social groups.
C. Why were there still high death rates in cities and towns?
D. Explain the problem of poverty.

Reading Guide—Chapter 19—A Revolution in Politics: The Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon
I. Beginnings: The American Revolution
1. Causes—
2. Actions during the war
3. Important documents regarding? Why are they significant?
4. Results (how was the new gov’t set up?)
5. Impact on Europe
II. Background to the French Revolution
1. Describe the estate system in France
2. What were some similar views of the wealthy bourgeoisie and some of the nobility?
3. What other problems did the French monarchy have to contend with during this time?
4. Summarize immediate and long-term causes of the French Revolution.
V. The French Revolution
1. The Moderate Phase
a. Explain how the Estates-General was supposed to be set up?
b. ID the Parlement of Paris
c. ID the Society of Thirty
d. Explain the work of Abby Sieyes
e. ID the Tennis Court Oath
f. Explain the storming of the Bastille. How did the fall of the Bastille affect the new National Assembly

g. ID the following:
• The Great Fear
• The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
• The Declaration of Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen
• The Women’s March on Versailles
• Civil Constitution of the Clergy
• Constitution of 1791
h. List and explain the reforms of the National Assembly (just list if you’ve already ID them above
i. What difficulties did the new government still face?
j. ID the Declaration of Pillnitz
k. ID the Paris Commune

2. The Radical Revolution
a. Explain the rise of the Jacobin clubs. What were their goals and how did they grow?
b. Explain how the National Convention replaced the National Assembly
c. ID the following:
• Georges Danton
• Girondins
• The Mountain
• execution of Louis XVI
d. How did the Mountain come to control the National Assembly
e. Explain the situation in the Vendee
f. What happened during the war with the 1st Coalition?
g. Explain the growth of the French Revolutionary Army
h. ID the Committee of Public Safety
i. ID Maximilien Robespierre
j. ID the Reign of Terror
k. Explain the Republic of Virtue
l. Explain the policy changes that took place during the years of the National Convention (1792-1795) in regard to…
• Women
• Dechristianization
• Equality and Slavery
• Decline of the CPS
3. What was the Thermidorean Reaction?
4. Explain the Directory and the issues they faced from 1795-1799.
5. What role did each of the following play in the French Revolution?
a. lawyers
b. peasants
c. women
d. the clergy
e. the Jacobins
f. the sans-culottes
g. the French Revolutionary Army
h. the Committee of Public Safety

VI. The Age of Napoleon
1. Describe the background of Napoleon Bonaparte.
2. What were his military credentials?
3. List and explain the domestic policies of Napoleon Bonaparte.
4. Trace Napoleon’s Foreign Affairs from 1799-1815
5. What are reasons for Napoleon’s downfall
6. ID the following:
a. the Consulate
b. Concordant of 1801
c. Napoleonic Code

d. Napoleon’s bureaucracy
e. tax collection under Napoleon
f. The Grand Empire
g. Battle of Trafalgar
h. Continental System