PHONICS
Context clues are the first thing you should look for when you come across an unfamiliar word as you are reading. They will usually help you determine the meaning. They may help you recognize a word as one you have heard before. However, if you are not sure how to pronounce the word, you have several options. If someone is nearby, you can ask him or her. If you have access to a regular or online dictionary, you can consult those. Many online dictionaries also let you hear a word’s pronunciation, although you must have speakers in order to do so.
       Another way to determine a word’s pronunciation is to use phonics. Phonics won’t work with every word, but it can often help you. Certain phonics rules can enable you to divide a word into syllables and figure out the pronunciation of each part. Then you can put them back together again. Phonics is also helpful when you are trying to figure out how to spell a word.

CONSONANTS

As you know, the 26 alphabet letters in English are categorized either as consonants or vowels. There are 21 consonants: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, and x. Most consonants have only one sound and have that one sound regardless of where they appear in a word.

Single-Sound Consonants
You already know the sounds of the following 15 consonants: b, f, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, t, v, w, y, z. To come up with the sound, all you need to do is say a word that starts with that letter. Most of these consonants have only one sound, regardless of whether the letter appears at the beginning, middle, or end of a word. The only exceptions are h, j, y, and w at the ends of words. Don’t worry about remembering this, however. The letter j rarely occurs at the end of words. Because h, y, and w appear in combination with certain other letters at the ends of words, they sound different at the ends of words than they do at the beginning or middle of words.

- Stop and Process Exercise 1: Single-Sound Consonants and Example Words               
Your brain learns by associating new information with information you already know. Reinforce your learning here by adding a short, simple key word of your own that starts with the same consonant as the example word.  The word you choose should start with the consonant and be followed by a single vowel (a, e, i, o, or u). In other words, do not choose words that start with two consonants together (for example, thief or wheel). It will help your recall if your example is a noun that names something concrete, that is, an object you could actually see or visualize. The first one is done for you, but feel free to substitute your own example. The first four single-sound consonants are listed before the others because they occur so frequently. On notebook paper, list the consonants and write your example.
                                                                                                           
Consonant                        Example                                                  Your Example

t                                              top                                                      __table_____

n                                             note                                                    ____________

r                                              rock                                                    ____________          

m                                            map                                                    ____________

 

b                                             book                                                                   

f                                              farm                                                   ____________                                                          
h                                              house                                                  ____________                                            
j                                               jail                                                        ____________         

k                                             kite                                                     ____________

l                                              lamp                                                   ____________

p                                             pig                                                      ____________

v                                             view                                                    ____________

w                                            web                                                    ____________

y                                             yard                                                    ____________                                  
z                                             zero                                                    ____________          

Single Consonants That Have More Than One Sound
Being aware of these rules can help you spell words correctly, as well as help you find words in the dictionary.

Sounds of C

• The consonant c has what are called hard sounds and soft sounds. The soft sound of c is the same as the sound of s, as in cent, city, and cycle. It typically has the soft sound when it is followed by e, i, or y. The soft sound can come anywhere is a word. It doesn’t occur only at the beginning of words. For example, in the words recent, decide, and bicycle, the soft c sound occurs within the words.

• The hard sound of c is the same as the sound of k, as in cab, cow, cup.

 

-On notebook paper, write at least two examples of your own:
Soft sound of c:                                                                                          
Hard sound of c:                                                                                           

You may be wondering why we need the letter c in English since we already have the letters and sounds of k and s (the two sounds of c). The answer is, we really don’t need it. However, the language has developed that way, and so we have the letter c.

Sounds of G

• The consonant g also has hard sounds and soft sounds. The soft sound of g is the same as the sound of j, as in gem, giant, and gym. It typically has the soft sound when it is followed by e, i, or y. The soft sound can come anywhere is a word. It doesn’t occur just at the beginning of words. For example, the g in page, logic, and biology have the soft sound because they are followed by e, i, or y. (You know that English has lots of exceptions!) There are some common words that violate the hard/soft rule: for example, get, give, gift, girl, and begin.

• The hard sound of g is the sound we normally associate with g, as in gate, gown, gum.

 

- On notebook paper, write at least two examples of your own:
Soft sound of g:                                                                                           
Hard sound of g:                                                                                          

 

-Stop and Process Exercise 2: Hard C and Soft C
Decide if the letter in bold has a soft sound (c sounds like s; g sounds like j) or a hard sound. Watch for the vowels e, i, and y immediately after c and g because they typically indicate the soft sound. Place an X in the appropriate column beside each word.

                                                              Hard Sound                             Soft Sound            

• circuit                                                                                           
• circuit                                            
• cabin                                             
• coach                                           
• recite                                                                                            
• cup                                               
• circular                                                                                         
• velocity
• become                                                                                       
• specific                                                                                        
• ecology                                                                                                   
• garage                                          
• garage                                                                                         
• gin                                                                                                
• gadget                                          
• gadget                                                                                         
• disgust                                          
• garden                                          
• magical                                                                                        
• general                                                                                        

Sounds of S
An s can have the hissing sound we typically associate with it. This is the way it sounds in the words send, beside, and cats. The letter s can also have a buzzing z sound. It often sounds like z when it comes between two vowels, as in closet and season. It can also sound like z when it comes at the end of words, as in cheers, goes, and theirs. The help remember the two sounds of s, remember that s can hiss or buzz.

-Stop and Process Exercise 3: Hard S and Soft S
Decide if the s in each of the following words sounds like the usual s sound or if it sounds like a z. Use the general rules given above to help you. There may be an exception or two, though, so say each word aloud. Place an X in the appropriate column beside each word to indicate the sound of the s in the word.

                                                                  S Sound                                 Z Sound              

• sit                                                  
• please                                                                                          
• horse                                            
• most                                             
• times                                                                                            
• Saturday                                       
• hostile                                           
• is                                                                                                  
• ours                                                                                                         
• expose                                                                                         
• this                                                
• his                                                                                                
• teams                                           
• disease                                                                                        
• bruise                                                                                           
• disappoint                                     
• peanuts                                        
• tears                                                                                            
• rising                                                                                            
• lasting                                           

 

Sounds of QU

The letter q is almost always followed by the letter u. (There are only a few exceptions, such as the word Iraq, the name of the country.) Qu is always followed by a vowel, and it sounds like kw, as it does in quick and require.

The other sound of qu is a k sound, as in mosquito and antique. This is likely to be the case when the word has come into English from French or Spanish.

-Stop and Process Exercise 4: The Sound of KW
Decide if the qu in each of the following words sounds like kw or if it sounds like a k. Use the general rules given above to help you. Place an X in the appropriate column beside each word to indicate the sound of the s in the word. (Some of the words may be new to you. Knowing the general rules for pronunciation of qu can help you pronounce them correctly. They are good words to have in a college-level vocabulary.)

                                                                                         
KW Sound                              K Sound

• quack                                                                                          
• plaque                                                                                         
• queen                                           
• requiem                                        
• queue                                                                                          
• brusque                                                                                       
• quiz                                                          
• quadrangle                                   
• risqué                                                                                          
• queasy                                         
• squint                                           
• quiche                                                                                         
• quibble                                         
• unrequited                                    
• quote                                            
• prerequisite                                  
• soliloquy                                       
• plaque                                                                                         
• squid                                            
• quilted                                          

      

Sounds of X

Most of the time, x is pronounced like ks, as in box, fixed, and excite. When the letters ex are followed by a vowel, they sound like gz, as in exhaust and examine. (X appears at the beginning of some words, but they are usually scientific words or words that have come into English from Greek. In these words, the x sounds like a z, as in xeriscape and xenophobic. When the letter x is attached to a root with a hyphen, it is pronounced like the name of the letter, as in x-ray or x-axis.)

- Stop and Process Exercise 5: The Sounds of X
Decide if the x in each of the following words sounds like ks or if it sounds like gz. Use the general rules given above to help you. (There are no words that begin with x, however, since they occur much less frequently.) Place an X in the appropriate column beside each word to indicate the sound of the x in the word.

                                                                  KS Sound                               GZ Sound

• exist                                              
• exhibit                                           
• sixty                                              
• next                                                          
• inexact                                                                             
• exaggerate                                                                       
• Mexico                                         
• toxic                                              
• explore                                         
• exit                                                                                   
• hoax                                             
• exertion                                                                            
• expand                                         
• mixing                                           
• sexist                                            
• exile                                                                                 
• extreme                                        
• exasperate                                                                       
• exhale                                           
• fax                                                

 

Sounds of D

The letter d typically sounds the way it does in the words door, reduce, and tried. You should be aware, though, that in a few words, d is pronounced like j, as in soldier and education. There is no practice exercise since d is almost always pronounced the first way described above.

 

Multiple-Consonant Combinations

In consonant combinations, two or more consonants appear together in a word. There are three categories of consonant combinations: consonant blends, consonant digraphs, and consonant combinations in which one of the letters is silent.

1. Consonant blends are what the name indicates:  the sounds of two or three consonants blended together (pronounced) in the order in which they appear. The sound of each consonant is blended into the next one, and both sounds are pronounced. A useful memory peg is the word blend since it contains the consonant blends bl and nd. Notice that you can hear the sound of the b and the sound of the l, and that the first sound glides into the next one; the same is true for the n and the d.

 

2. Consonant digraphs consist of pairs of consonants that together create a new sound, one that is different from the separate sounds blended together. A helpful memory peg is the word digragh, which ends in the digraph gh. The letters gh make one sound and are pronounced like an f, a sound different from the individual sounds of the letters.

3. Silent consonant combinations consist of two-letter consonant combinations in which one of the letters is silent (not pronounced).

 

Let’s look at each category.

Consonant Blends

Some blends appear at the beginning of words, or at the beginning and middles:

consonant-r blends: br, cr, dr, fr, gr, pr, and tr
Examples: braid, crown, drip, frog, grade, price, and train

consonant-l blends: bl, cl, fl, gl, pl, and sl
Examples: blood, clip, flag, plane, and slide
Appear at the beginnings or middles of words

two-letter consonant-s blends: sc, sk sm, sn, sp, and st
Examples: scar, skunk, smile, snow, spot, and steam
Appear at the beginnings or middles of words

three-letter consonant-consonant-s blends: scr, spl, spr, and str
Examples: scream, splash, spring, and string

Other blends: dw, tw, and thr
Examples: dwell, twin, throw

Some blends appear at the end of words, such as:

lift, build, milk, melt, lump, sand, sank, hunt

- Stop and Process Exercise 6: Consonant Blends
Copy these on notebook paper and circle the consonant blend in each of the following words:

• stripe
• flip
• silk
• drag
• cold
• dusk
• proudly
• scrape
• sender
• grin

Consonant Digraphs

Common consonant digraphs, along with examples, include
ch (chin)
sh (wash)
wh (when)
gh (rough)
ph (photograph, elephant)
th (two sounds: thin, these)

- Stop and Process Exercise 7: Consonant Blends
Copy these on notebook paper and circle the consonant blend in each of the following words:

• somewhere
• telephone
• than
• laugh
• worship
• chapter
• what
• chief
• fisherman
• coughed

 

Silent Consonant Combinations

These include gn (gnaw), kn (knew), wr (wrong), pn (pneumonia), mb (limb), wh (white), wh (whole), ck (pick) tle (castle), lf (calf), and lk (walk). In each example, the silent letter is in bold. In some words, when d is followed by a g, it is silent, as in ledge, dodge, hodgepodge, and midget. (Notice that because the g is followed by an e, the g has a soft sound like a j.) In some words with double consonants, only one of them is pronounced: buggy, passage, messy, barrel, tell.

-Stop and Process Exercise 8: Consonant Blends
Copy these on notebook paper and circle the consonant blend in each of the following words:

• gnat
• wreck
• badge
• whistle
• rack
• knot
• who
• bomber
• message
• whale