PART II
CHAPTER-BY-CHAPTER RESOURCES
Part II of this manual is designed to give instructors resources for each chapter in the textbook. The following resources are provided for each chapter:
- Chapter summary
- Transition from the previous edition
- Chapter outline
- Lecture ideas & discussion questions
- Activities
- Glossary of key terms
- Sample test questions
Note: The choice to have students participate in an activity should always be based on instructional goals. Do not have students take part in an exercise just to fill time or just because it is a neat activity. It's great if students enjoy the activity and have fun while carrying out the tasks, but they should also be spending the time learning and practicing. Have students do an activity so they will discover information, practice with information or a skill, or change an attitude. Know why you have chosen the activity and when appropriate tell students what the learning objective of the activity is.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC SPEAKING
Chapter Summary
This chapter presents the importance of public speaking in everyday life, emphasizing that public speaking empowers, and challenges us to be audience-centered and ethical. The chapter introduces important elements of effective public speaking and discusses proficient speaking as a learned activity.
Transition from the 12th Edition
The 13th edition’s opening chapter includes less emphasis on the transmission model of communication, and more emphasis on informing students about the speech planning process, the speech making process, and speech effectiveness. InfoTrac College Edition and Challenge Online activities have been added, as has a glossary of key terms.
Chapter Outline
Introduction (p. 2): This course focuses on developing public speaking skills that can be used in a variety of professional and personal communication settings and contexts.
- Public speaking is an audience-centered process (pp. 2-6).
- The Public Speaking Effectiveness Process Model (Exhibit 1.1) depicts the central role of the audience in speech planning and speech making.
- Elements of the Model include:
- Audience: the specific group of people to whom a speech is directed.
- Before giving the speech, audience analysis involves the study of the diverse characteristics of audience members, and then, based on those characteristics, the making of predictions about how audience members are apt to listen to, understand, and be motivated to act in response to a speech.
- During the presentation of a speech, audience feedback occurs when audience members provide nonverbal and verbal cues that indicate their reactions to what the speaker is saying.
- Context: physical, cultural, historical, and psychological factors in the setting in which a speech is presented.
- Physical setting includes location, size of room, seating arrangement, distance between and audience and speaker, time of day, room temperature, and lighting.
- Cultural setting includes values, beliefs, meanings, and social mores of specific groups of people in the audience. Audience expectations and feedback behaviors may vary by culture.
- Historical setting includes events that have occurred prior to the speech that are related to the speech topic, the speaker, and the audience.
- Psychological setting includes the moods, feelings, attitudes, and beliefs of individual audience members that affect how the speech message may be perceived.
- Speaker: source or originator of the speech. Choices of topic, organization, and language will reflect the speaker’s interests, beliefs, background, and experience, along with presentational goals for the speech.
- Speech planning process: the system used by the speaker to prepare a speech. Includes: selecting specific speech goal, developing a strategy for audience adaptation, gathering and evaluating information, organizing and structuring information into an outline, choosing appropriate visual aids and verbal language, and practicing the speech.
- Speech making process: the process of actually presenting the speech to an intended audience.
- Speech effectiveness: the extent to which audience members listen to, understand, and are motivated to act upon what the speaker has said.
- Public speaking skills empower (pp. 6-8). Four ways are identified:
- Developing public speaking skills empowers students to communicate complex ideas and information in a way that all members of audiences can understand.
- Developing public speaking skills empowers students to influence the attitudes and behavior of other people.
- Mastering public speaking skills empowers students to achieve career goals.
- Public speaking skills empower students to participate in our democratic processes.
- Public speaking challenges us to behave ethically (pp. 8-10).
- Ethics are a set of moral principles that are held by a society, group, or individual that differentiate right from wrong and good behavior from bad behavior.
- Speakers are ethical when they conform to five standards of moral behavior: honesty, integrity, fairness, respect, and responsibility.
- Ethical speakers tell the truth.
- Ethical speakers fully credit sources for their ideas. Plagiarism is stealing and passing off ideas and words of another as one’s own or using a credited production without crediting the source. Plagiarism is widespread. 3 common methods of plagiarism are:
- Changing words at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of material, and copying much of the rest.
- Paraphrasing the unique ideas of another person and not crediting that person.
- Purchasing, borrowing, or using a speech prepared by another and presenting it as an original.
- Ethical standards differ across cultures.
- The effective public speaker is competent (p. 10).
- Communication competence is the perception that communication behavior is appropriate and effective.
- Public speaking competence is learned through the understanding and practice of speech planning and speech making activities.
Lecture Ideas
- There is increasing concern about plagiarized material from the Internet. See the article on anti-plagiarism technology at: http://www.zdnet.com/yil/content/college/colleges99/cheaters.html. An enterprising grad student has developed a program to check for word and structure matching in text. A paper or outline may be scanned into a new website and checked for close matches, see: http://www.plagiarism.org/. There is a small fee involved, but this may serve as a random check of your students’ work. The instructor may let the student’s know that this service is available to deter any problems before they arise in class.
- Show the videotape “Gender and Communication: She Talks, He Talks” by Learning Seed Videos. This tape is about 20 minutes long and highlights gender differences in communication. There are worksheets and discussion questions that accompany the video.
- If you wish to present a lecture on utilitarian, deontological, and teleological ethics, material can be found in Ethics in Media Communications by Louis A. Day. Students should evaluate various behaviors to determine which ethical system they might use. They might recommend an ethical system for use in class work.
Discussion Questions
- What would you do if you found that another student in the class had plagiarized a speech or cheated on an exam? What are the advantages and disadvantages of either reporting that student or remaining silent? What ethical concerns to yourself and your fellow students should be considered?
- What is meant by the term “utilitarian ethics?” Can you discuss an instance that would exemplify this term? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this ethical system?
- What role does gender play in our communication? What attributes are reflected in masculine communication? What attributes are reflected in feminine communication? Should our culture tolerate and perpetuate these differences? Should our culture try to eradicate these differences?
- Can you think of an example of the “context” of a communication event that was misjudged by a speaker? How did the speaker misjudge the event’s context? What was the result?
Class Activities
Activity #1.1: Introducing The Challenge of Effective Speaking CD-ROM
Objective: To acquaint students with resources on The Challenge of Effective Speaking CD-ROM, and to get students registered on-line so they can use the resources provided.
Format: Individual student (or entire class, if you have a media-equipped classroom with computer project equipment).
Students should become acquainted with the many resources available to them on the Challenge of Effective Speaking CD that accompanies the textbook. To do this requires that you take some time to help students walk through the various sections of the CD. This important activity could take an entire class period, or could be done as a homework assignment.
- Have each student visit the “Welcome” section of the CD, and view the introduction. Then ask each student to list what resources are available on the CD under the following titles: Speech Interactive, Challenge of Effective Speaking, Speech Builder Express, and InfoTrac.
- Have each student open the “Speech Interactive” section, view the “Funeral” speech, and complete the “checklist” and “analysis” sections provided. Then ask various students to report to the class about the speech and about what they like (and don’t like) about the “Speech Interactive” section in general.
- Have each student open the “Challenge of Effective Speaking” section of the CD, and browse the Table of Contents. Ask them to list three kinds of tools that are available in each chapter.
- Have each student open the “Speech Builder Express” section of the CD. Give students instructions as to how to register and log on to the Speech Builder Express (SBE) website. When they get to the site, ask them to take a look at the sample speech provided. Ask students to indicate how the SBE tool can help them develop a speech from start to finish.
- Have each student open the “InfoTrac” section of the CD. Give students instructions as to how to register and log on to the InfoTrac website. When they get to the site, ask them to identify three kinds of resources that are available to students (writing tool, dictionary, article search, other resource web links).
- As an extension to the “InfoTrac” introduction, ask students to find a 2004 news article from the New York Times on the subject of global warming by using the “advanced search” features of the site. Ask them to print a copy of the article they find so they can use it in class for a related activity (Class Activity 1.3 below on Proper Citations). Example of article found on InfoTrac: “U. S. down global commitment to curb greenhouse gases,” New York Times, 19 December 2004,
p. A16.
Activity #1.2: Self Evaluation
Objective: To get students to begin thinking about their goals and needs in public speaking.
Format: Individual student.
Have students develop a list of their strengths and weaknesses in public speaking. If possible, you can meet with each student to discuss their personal assessment during which you should generate the student’s goals for the semester. You and the student should each keep a copy of this sheet; the student will now have a clearer focus and some specific goals to strive for throughout the semester. A sample list appears below.
STRENGTHS |
WEAKNESSES |
|
|
Self-Confidence |
Stage Fright |
Organizational Skills |
Brainstorming |
Interests or Hobbies (can be used as topics) |
Soft Speaking Voice |
Prior Speaking Experiences |
|
Activity #1.3: Understanding the Public Speaking Effectiveness Model
Objective: To enhance student understanding of and application of public speaking effectiveness model.
Format: Small groups (two or three students per group).
Ask each group to identify and describe three specific public speaking scenarios (ex. sermon in church, public hearing on airport expansion, high school valedictory address). Or, you can develop a set of hypothetical scenarios and distribute them to the groups. Have the groups identify aspects of each scenario that match with elements of the public speaking effectiveness model on p. 3 (speaker, audience, context, speech planning, speech making, speech effectives). Ask them to pay particular attention to describing aspects of the context (physical setting, cultural setting, historical setting, psychological setting). Also, ask them to identify one way that we might assess the effectiveness of the speech making in each scenario. Along with a written summary (you can use Worksheet provided on next page), have a spokesperson from each group (or some of the groups, depending on time constraints), present the group report and answer questions.
Activity #1.4 Worksheet
Understanding the Public Speaking Effectiveness Model
Scenario Summary (1-2 sentences):
Speaker:
Audience:
Context:
Speech Planning Process:
Speech Making Process:
Ways of Measuring Effectiveness:
Activity #1.5: Determining Plagiarism
Objectives: To acquaint students with the concept of plagiarism; make students aware of situations they may encounter that may be interpreted as plagiarism.
Format: Homework, Class Work, or Small Group Work followed by Whole Class Discussion.
Before beginning this activity, students need a definition of "plagiarism." You may find one in a college or university document describing policies on your campus. You may construct one from your own experience. A dictionary definition may not be broad enough. Students may come up with one before the activity and then may wish to rewrite it after the activity. Start out with the definition found in Challenge. The ethical standards for speakers emphasize honesty and disclosure of sources. As with the activity immediately before this one, there are no absolutely correct answers. The value of the activity is in exploring ethical choices through the discussion.
Distribute the following worksheet to students.
Worksheet: DETERMINING PLAGIARISM
Instructions for Students: Read the situations given below and decide if the student has committed plagiarism. Be able to defend your decisions orally.
- Susan takes an entire speech from a book, memorizes it and then delivers it in class as if it were her own work.
Susan (has) (has not) plagiarized.
Reasons:
- Kent finds an outline of a speech on The Bermuda Triangle in his fraternity files. He adds one additional example to the speech but otherwise does not change it. Kent then presents the speech in class as his own.
Kent (has) (has not) plagiarized.
Reasons:
- Theresa reads an article from the Reader's Digest on the relationship of smoking and heart disease. Since the article first covers the adverse effects of smoking on the circulatory system and then shows how patients' health improves when they stop smoking, Theresa decides to organize her speech in the same way. During her speech she does not mention that she is using the same organization as that of the article.
Theresa (has) (has not) plagiarized.
Reasons:
- Maria uses statistics extensively in her speech on toxic waste but does not tell where she found the statistics.
Maria (has) (has not) plagiarized.
Reasons:
- Jeff and Jack are in two different public speaking sections. They work together on a speech on the topic of How the Pyramids Were Built. Each gives essentially the same speech in his speech class.
Jeff and Jack (have) (have not) plagiarized.
Reasons:
- For her speech on the importance of fastening seat belts, Leigh reads a pamphlet on the five most popular excuses for not fastening seat belts. Since the excuses are written in a clever, catchy style, Leigh uses the words from the pamphlet when talking about excuses in her speech.
Leigh (has) (has not) plagiarized.
Reasons:
- Patrice finds an unusual approach to the problem of drinking and driving in a magazine article. The author recommends that there be no age limits on buying or drinking alcohol, but that the legal age for a driver's license be twenty-five years of age. When presenting the speech, Patrice says, “I am supporting a plan described by Jesse Wilson in the May 1994 issue of Safe Driver. I will describe Mr. Wilson's proposal and give you my reasons for believing it will work.”
Patrice (has) (has not) plagiarized.
Reasons:
Activity #1.6: Proper Citation of Sources
Objective: To demonstrate how writers and speakers cite references properly.
Format: Individual student or small group.
Have students take a look at the New York Times article on global warming they found during their introduction to the “InfoTrac” feature on the Challenge of Effective Speaking CD. Within the article, have students identify three sources that are cited by the author. For each source, have students explain in 1-2 sentences how they would utilize the information in their own paper or speech in a way that avoids the major types of plagiarism identified in the textbook. Have one or more students share what they wrote aloud with the class, and then use the example to reinforce do’s and don’ts concerning plagiarism and source citation.
Activity #1.7: Examples of Different Types of Speeches
On the first day of class, ask for three volunteers. Give each volunteer an identical pen. Tell the first student to tell a story about how the pen exploded ink on him/her. Tell the second student to explain the history of the pen and tell the third student to persuade the audience to buy the pen. This will give the class an example of three types of speeches given during the quarter/semester.
Glossary of Key Terms
audience: the specific group of people to whom the speech message is directed
audience analysis: a study made to learn about the diverse characteristics of audience members and then, based on those characteristics, to predict how audience members are apt to listen to, to understand, and be motivated to act upon your speech
audience feedback: nonverbal and verbal cues that indicate audience members’ reaction to what the speaker is saying
communication competence: the perception that communication behavior is appropriate and effective
context: the physical, cultural, historical, and psychological factors in the setting in which your speech is presented
cultural setting: the values, beliefs, meanings, and social mores of specific groups of people to which your audience members belong
ethics: a set of moral principles that are held by a society, group, or individual that differentiate right from wrong and good from bad behavior
historical setting: events that have occurred that are related to your speech topic, to you as a speaker, to previous speeches given by you with which audience members are familiar, or to other encounters that audience members have had with you
physical setting: the location, size of room, seating arrangement, distance between audience and speaker, time of day, room temperature, and lighting
plagiarism: stealing and passing off the ideas and words of another as one’s own or using a created production without crediting the source
psychological setting: the feelings, attitudes, and beliefs of individual audience members that affect how your speech message is perceived
speech effectiveness: the extent to which audience members listen to, understand, remember, and are motivated to act upon what a speaker has said
speech making: the process of presenting a speech to an intended audience
speech planning process: the system that you use to prepare a speech
Test Questions
Chapter 1
Multiple Choice
- According to the textbook, public speaking is ___________________ process.
- a situation-centered
- an effectiveness-centered
- a speaker-centered
- a message-centered
- none of the above
ANS: e SEE PAGE 2
- Aristotle said, “The _________________ is the end and object of the speech.”
- situation
- audience
- purpose
- content
- none of the above
ANS: b SEE PAGE 2
- Which of the following is NOT part of the Public Speaking Effectiveness Model?
- Feedback
- Speaker
- Audience
- Context
- All of the above ARE part of the Model
ANS: a SEE PAGE 3
- John decides to add some background material for his informative speech on current trends in Internet usage after discovering that the majority of the audience members do not own computers. What concept does John’s decision illustrate?
- plagiarism
- speaker credibility
- feedback
- audience analysis
- none of the above
ANS: d SEE PAGE 3
- Audience applause during a speech is an example of ________________.
- feedback
- physical setting
- inappropriate behavior
- ethics
- none of the above
ANS: a SEE PAGES 3-4
- Which of the following are NOT factors related to physical setting?
- level of audience education
- size of room
- time of day
- seating arrangement
- all ARE factors
ANS: a SEE PAGE 4
- Sally visits the hall where she is to speak and discovers that it is equipped with a state-of-the-art audio-visual system that will allow her to present her PowerPoint slides without difficulty. This example illustrates the role of ____________________ in public speaking.
- psychological setting
- cultural setting
- historical setting
- physical setting
- none of the above
ANS: d SEE PAGE 3
- Tamara is scheduled to speak at an event commemorating the fortieth anniversary of the Supreme Court school desegregation decision in Brown v. Topeka Board of Education. This example illustrates the role of ______________ in public speaking.
- psychological setting
- cultural setting
- historical setting
- physical setting
- none of the above
ANS: c SEE PAGE 4
- Most public speaking practices in the United States are rooted in ______________ culture.
- popular
- American
- Middle Eastern
- Western European
- none of the above
ANS: d SEE PAGE 4
- In Western European cultures, audience feedback is primarily _________.
- visceral
- non-verbal
- visual
- verbal
- none of the above
ANS: b SEE PAGE 4
- The ______________________________ is comprised of moods, feelings, attitudes, and beliefs of individual audience members.
- psychological setting
- cultural setting
- historical setting
- physical setting
- none of the above
ANS: a SEE PAGES 4-5
- Which is NOT part of the speech planning process?
- practicing your speech
- delivering your speech
- choosing visual aids and verbal language for your speech
- selecting an appropriate goal for your speech
- all of the above ARE part of the speech planning process
ANS: b SEE PAGE 5
- Which of the following is NOT a determinant of speech effectiveness?
- speaking for an extended length of time
- capturing attention
- promoting understanding
- motivating action
- all of the above ARE determinants of speech effectiveness
ANS: a SEE PAGE 6
- Which of the following is NOT a way in which effective public speaking promotes individual empowerment?
- promotes participation in democratic processes
- assists in achievement of career goals
- maintains monopoly of information
- communicates complex ideas in understandable ways
- all of the above ARE ways that speaking promotes empowerment
ANS: c SEE PAGES 6-7
- Who delivered the speech, “The Meaning of July Fourth for Negroes”?
- Marcus Garvey
- W. E. B. Dubois
- Booker T. Washington
- Frederick Douglass
- none of the above
ANS: d SEE PAGE 7
- __________________ are a set of moral principles that are held by a society, group, or individual.
- By-laws
- Manners
- Penalties
- Ethics
- none of the above
ANS: d SEE PAGE 8
- Ethical speakers _________________________.
- tell the truth
- fully credit sources for their ideas
- show consideration for the point of view of others
- hold themselves accountable for their actions
- all of the above
ANS: e SEE PAGE 8
- Stealing or passing off the ideas and words of another as one’s own is called _____________________.
- attribution
- plagiarism
- licentiousness
- paraphrasing
- none of the above
ANS: b SEE PAGE 8
- According to the textbook, the faith that audiences place on a statistic often depends on the ________________________.
- magnitude of the numbers
- percentages identified
- credibility of the source
- visual aids
- none of the above
ANS: c SEE PAGE 9
- _____________________ is defined as the perception that communication behavior is appropriate and effective.
- communication etiquette
- communication comprehension
- communication apprehension
- communication processing
- none of the above
ANS: e SEE PAGE 10
True-False
- Aristotle said that the audience is the end and object of the speech.
ANS: T SEE PAGE 2
- The elements of the Public Speaking Effectiveness Model are source, message, channel, receiver, feedback, and noise.
ANS: F SEE PAGE 3
- The physical setting of the speech includes what the speaker chooses to wear.
ANS: F SEE PAGE 4
- In African-American and other cultural settings, it is common for audience members to provide verbal feedback during a speech.
ANS: T SEE PAGE 4
- Part of the historical setting for a speech includes prior events and experiences of the speaker and audience.
ANS: T SEE PAGE 4
- The pre-existing moods, feelings, and attitudes of audience members comprise the psychological setting of a speech.
ANS: T SEE PAGES 4-5
- Public speaking skills empower individuals to defy physical laws and determine the outcome of events.
ANS: F SEE PAGE 6
- According to the textbook, one of the most sought-after skills in new hires is computational skills.
ANS: F SEE PAGE 7
- If members of an audience doubt the accuracy of what a speaker says, they are more likely to reject the speaker’s ideas.
ANS: T SEE PAGE 8
- Purchasing or borrowing a speech prepared by another person as if it were your own without attribution is called paraphrasing.
ANS: F SEE PAGE 9
Additional Resources
Auble, E. C. (2002). Speechless. Advisor Today, 97(5), 64-66.
Evans, A. L., Evans, A. M., Lami, K., & Jones, O.S.L. (2004). Public speaking in
a democracy. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 31(4), 325.
Parvis, L. F. (2001). The importance of communication and public speaking skills.
Journal of Environmental Health, 63(9), 44.
Scott, D. K. (2003). The Eisenhower/Khrushchev rhetorical compact: Toward a
model of cooperative public discourse. The Southern Communication Journal, 68(4), 287-307.
