CHAPTER 13:  THE RISE OF A MASS DEMOCRACY
Answer the terms and the questions for this chapter.
The "Corrupt Bargain” or 1824
Know:  Andrew Jackson-
Andrew Jackson was the general who defeated the British at New Orleans during the war of 1812. He also defeated the Spanish, British, and the Indians when he invaded Florida, something that brought two different types of judgment upon him. He is either known as the Leader of the Poor or as “King Andrew”. He’s also on the twenty dollar bill. He was greatly favored in the west because his strong opposition against corruption in the government and advocated the spoils system.
Henry Clay-
Henry Clay ran in the 1824 election, but was eliminated. However, being the speaker for the House of Representatives he could persuade the House to elect whichever president that he would like. He despised Andrew Jackson and therefore sided with JQA, where they apparently made a deal that Clay would become secretary of state, creating the pandemonium of the “Corrupt Bargain of 1824”.
John Quincy Adams-
He was elected as president in the Corrupt election of 1824. He supposedly made a bargain with Henry Clay where Clay would side with Adams and Adams would choose Clay as the secretary of the state. He was a successful secretary of state but he is known as one of the worst presidents to be in office. He is also the son of the second president of the U.S., John Adams.
Corrupt Bargain-
The corrupt bargain has to do with the election of 1824. When John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay made a bargain where if Clay sided with Adams, Adams would make Clay secretary of state, which was a sure thing to get presidency during the next term.
What was unusual about John Quincy Adams's victory in the presidential election of 1824?
What was unusual about John Quincy Adam’s victory in the presidential election of 1824 was that  Jackson was the obvious winner in the popular vote, but he was unable to accumulate the electoral votes needed to win the presidency. He was tied with John Quincy Adams which called by the twelfth amendment must choose between the top 3 candidates, where Henry Clay was quickly eliminated. However, he was the speaker for the House of Representatives. He had the power to persuade people to elect for the president of his choice. He despised Andrew Jackson, which left John Quincy Adams who had similar political policies as Clay. They had a private meeting, after Adams would be elected and Clay would be the Secretary of State, which back then was the sure road to presidency in the next term. The Jacksonians were vibrantly angry, saying this was a corrupt election due to the bargain made by Adams and Clay.
A Yankee Misfit in the White House
Summarize the section in two sentences.
John Quincy Adams was successful in foreign affairs, he was very gifted as the secretary of state, but was known as one of the worst presidents in U.S. history. Since he did not win the popular vote, many Americans did not like Adams which was already a disadvantage for him. He opposed the spoils system which got people to think of his impeachment. Also, his nationalist views would bring him down even more as it was shifting from nationalism to states’ rights and sectionalism. He advocated internal improvements as well as a federal funded national university.
Going "Whole Hog" for Jackson in 1828
Know:  Old Hickory      
Old Hickory was the nickname for Jackson that his supports would use at rallies advocating Jackson and opposing Adams.
Mudslinging-
Mudslinging is when the candidates find the wrongdoings of the other candidates to gain more voters and try to expose the other candidate.
Describe the tone and tactics used in the 1828 election.
After the Era of Good Feelings the united Republican party would split into the National Republicans who supported Adams and the Democratic- Republicans who supported Jackson. One of Jacksons tactics were to have rallies opposing Adams for his corrupt bargain in the previous election. They would publish that Adams and Clay were corrupt politicians and that to fix it they should elect Jackson. They described Jackson as rags to riches saying that he knows both sides of the social platform, while Adams always grew up rich. Adams would post things like Jackson’s mother was a prostitute, and his wrongs hanging six mutant men in his army. Jackson would eventually win the election.
“Old Hickory” as President
Know:  King Mob-
The King Mob is symbolized as Jacksons era, where he would get rid of Jeffersonian ideals and make his own policies. It is the Jackson era.
Why was Jackson considered a man of the people?
He was considered a man of the people because unlike other presidents, he did not grow up wealthy. He grew up in Carolina, quickly becoming an orphan at a young age. He worked his way up from fighting to literature and other things. Through his oratory, leadership skills he would become a member of Congress. Which would pave Jacksons’ way to the presidency. He did not have a college education like many of the people, he was a man of the west, a first.
The Spoils System
Know:  Spoils System-
The spoils system was a system that rewarded political supporters with public offices. It was pretty much a reward for the people that supported Jackson earlier.
Rotation in Office- 
The rotation in office is when Jackson was elected he took out all the non-supporters of Jackson out of the office. And he would give the people who supported him high positions in office through the spoils system.
The Tricky “Tariff of Abominations”
Know:  Tariff of Abominations (of 1828)
The Tariff of Abominations was a tariff that would increase the general tariff significantly. It was greatly hated in the South because they were the major consumer of goods which affected the South the most. Many southern states would protest this tariff.
Denmark Vesey
Denmark Vesey was a free slave, that would start a slave rebellion in Charleston in 1822. Which fanned the flames of the issue of slavery in the South. This was one of the many causes that caused more tension on slavery between the North and the South, and more tension about federal power interfering with states power.
"Nullies" in South Carolina
Know:  Nullies
The nullies were the nullifiers who wanted to nullify the Tariff of Abomination in the state of South Carolina.
Henry Clay and the Compromise Tariff of 1833
Henry Clay’s compromise Tariff of 1833 stated that the tariff would reduce about 10 percent over the next 8 years, making the tariff to the acceptable level of which it was before.
Force Bill
The force bill authorized the president to use the army and navy, if needed to collect federal tariff duties.
Why was there a nullification crisis?
There was a nullification crisis because the two sides could not agree on the tariffs and how much they should be taxed. Also, the Force Bill created resentment among the South Carolina people, if this did not happen the civil war would have started earlier.
The Trail of Tears
Why was there an Indian Removal Act, and how did it lead to the Trail of Tears?
There was an Indian Removal Act because the Americans wanted to expand more to the west and that meant they had to go through the Indians. As Americans tried to civilize the Indians, several tribes in Georgia actually tried to become civilized. They made their own government and legislature, when Georgia stated that it was illicit and should leave the land, the Indians sued the state of Georgia. John Marshall, assured the rights of the Indians, but President Jackson despised it and issued the Indian Removal Act where they would be relocated past the Mississippi. As the Indians were being relocated, they had to travel to far lands which led to the trail of tears where many Indians would die. The Trail of Tears is the trail the Indians used to relocate from Georgia to the land free of white encroachment.
The Bank War
Know:  Nicholas Biddle
Nicholas Biddle the president of the Bank of The United States had a strong hold on the US’s financial economy, they called him corrupt and a czar.
Was Biddle a bad man?
Nicholas Biddle was not a bad man, he was simply doing his job. In order for the bank to run, he had to do what he did. Even though he held a lot of power, he made decisions that were needed to be made for the benefit of the bank.
"Old Hickory" Wallops Clay in 1832
Know:  Anti-Masonic Party
They opposed the influence and fearsome secrecy of the Masonic order. They wanted to expose the Masons and their secret rituals, they were the favorite party in New York. Since Jackson was a Mason, it was also a party against him.
Burying Biddle’s Bank
Know:  Mandate
President Jackson wanted to completely destroy the Bank of the United States, fearing the Biddle would somehow manipulate his way through and extend the Bank. Jackson would take out all federal funds from the Bank, Biddle would counter by asking for payment of all loans. As Jackson said only hard money should be used it caused a recession in 1837.
Pet Banks
Pet banks were banks that would hold the federal money that Jackson had taken out of the Bank of the United States, they were state institutions.
Specie Circular
Specie Circular is a law that states that all land has to be bought with hard or metallic money, no paper money.
The Birth of the Whigs
Know:  Democrats
The Democrats were the Jacksonites.
Whigs
The Whigs were comprised of several groups, many that dislike Jackson and that were alienated by Jackson, for example the Anti- Masons would join the Whigs. The Whigs supported the market economy, public schools, internal improvements, they stated that they were the defenders  of the common man.
Why did the parties attempt to appeal to the ‘Common Man?’
They attempted to appeal to the “Common Man” because most of the Americans were common men, not everyone was rich. The common man has the most population and it would help them win the country and the presidency, by pleasing them, they please a majority of the country.
The Election of 1836
Describe the development of the second party system from 1828-1836.
The development of the second party system greatly increased from 1828- 1836. There were noticeably two parties fighting for a position in the presidency. There are clearly two parties now, fighting for different things, the Democrats and the Whigs.
Big Woes for the "Little Magician"
Why was Martin Van Buren unpopular?
Democrats did not like him because he was in the office because Jackson had strong holded Van Buren’s way into the presidency. He was also unpopular because unlike Jackson he was very scared to be in the military. Along with all those, he assimilated all the political enemies Jackson had accumulated over the years. He used his energy to stop panic.
Depression Doldrums and the Independent Treasury
Know: Panic of 1837
Speculation
Speculation was get rich schemes where gamblers in the west were doing land business on borrowed money from wild cat banks, it even spread to roads, railroads, slaves, and canals. However, it is not the only thing that caused the crash.
Divorce Bill
The divorce bill was proposed by Van Buren to completely separate the Federal government from the treasury. By doing this the federal government would create an independent treasury for the government.
Independent Treasury
The Independent Treasury is where the federal government would store their money to be safe, in several big cities. It separated the federal government from banking.
Gone to Texas
What made Texas so appealing to Americans?
One reason Texas was so appealing to Americans was the vast amount of land available for them to own. Also, since it was not under the American government, they had no power in Texas so criminals would run to Texas creating the quote “Gone to Texas”.
The Lone Star Rebellion
Summarize this section in 2 sentences.
The Lone Star Rebellion is when Texas stated that they were independent which sparked the Mexicans to invade Texas to take over again, the Mexicans would kill many Americans, this would instigate American patriotism therefore people went down to fight against the Mexicans. They would beat the Mexicans, Texas wanted to become a part of America, however the North argued that by letting Texas in it would enlarge the American slavery issue.
Makers of America: Mexican or Texan?
Summarize this in 2 sentences
It is the fight between what government Texas would be controlled under. Some wanted Texas to be Mexican with the Mexican government, the whole Mexican experience. Others wanted Texas to be independent from the harsh one political party of Mexico.
The Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840
Know:  Log Cabin
The Log Cabin was the symbol the Whigs used in their campaign. A democratic writer wrote that Harrison should go back to his log cabin because he was a farmer. This insulted the common people the majority of the people which hurt Van Buren’s chance.
Hard Cider
Hard Cider was the poor mans champagne. It was also used as symbol of the Whigs because of the criticism of a Democratic writer, it was of the poor.
"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too"
It is the election campaign of Harrison and Tyler, the Whigs motto to elect Harrison and Tyler into the presidency.
What does the election of 1840 tell you about politics and voters in America at that time?
The election of 1840 tells us about politics and voters in America at this time that they believed whatever they heard. They were very susceptible to the political propaganda that was distributed by the two parties. It also tells us that voters would vote based on the parties views on the common man.
Politics for the People
Is our government still concerned with the problems of the ‘Common Man?’
Yes, our government is still concerned with the problems of the “Common Man”. The government tries to appeal to the common man more than the rich, because the common man is majority over the rich.
The Two-Party System
Summarize this section in 2 sentences
By 1840, two party political system had fully emerged, a lasting effect of Andrew Jackson’s presidency. It would separate into the Jacksonian Democrats and the Whigs, they both branched out from the Jeffersonian republicanism, they were separated by difference in philosophy and policy. Today the Democrats would be the Democrats while the Whigs would be the Republicans because they favored the rich, by the 1850s the US was on the brink of a civil war.
Varying Viewpoints: What Was Jacksonian Democracy?
Know:  Frederick Jackson Turner
He saw the western frontier as the foundation of democratic virtue. They idolized Jackson as a hero to protect the interests of the people of the west. He said the states owed the west to the survival of democratic tradition.
Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
He thought that the Jacksonian era was of class conflict between the poor farmers and laborers and the rich business community.
Richard Hofstadter
He argued that Jacksonian democracy was not against capitalism but for the protection of entrepreneurs and laissez-fair policies.