Chapter 16
The World Economy

I. Introduction
A. What are consequences of…
1. Voyages of Columbus
2. Exploration of Europeans
3. Empires built by European conquerors/missionaries
B. Consequences
1. Power shift
2. Redefinition of interchange
D. Patterns of diffusion
1. Classical – developing regional economies/cultures – Medit./China
a. External conflicts existed, but not that important
2. Postclassical Era – contacts increase
a. Missionary religions spread
b. Interregional trade key component of economies – bet. continents
c. Some regions dominated trade – Muslims then Mongols
3. 1450-1750 – Eve of the Early Modern Period
a. New areas of world brought into global community – Americas
b. Rate of global trade increased – Southeast Asia
c. Relationships between groups changed power structure
d. Effects on Europe – dominated trade
1. Changes within Europe
2. Parts of world become dependent on Europe
3. Used New World goods to pay for Old World luxury items
a. Americas > Silver > China
E. Foods
1. 30% of world’s food comes from Americas – potato, corn
a. Corn embraced by Africa – later by Europe
1. Thought spread plague – also not in Bible – is it kosher?

II. The West’s First Outreach: Maritime Power
A. Introduction
1. Western nations unprecedented mastery of oceans
a. Spain, Portugal > Britain, Holland, France
2. Who pushes trade? Princes, clergy, merchants
a. Muslims – superior economy, goods
1. European nobility used to luxury goods
b. Mongols – sped up exchanges
c. Fall of Khans – China a mystery again
3. What were Europe’s disadvantages?
a. Ignorant of world – earth flat? Indigenous warriors
b. Fear of Ottoman Empire
c. Lack of gold to fund
d. Limited distance of small, oar-propelled ships
B. New Technology
1. What were the key technological innovations that helped with trade?
a. deep ships able to carry a lot of armaments/weapons
b. compass
c. mapmaking
d. explosives adapted to gunnery
1. Metallurgy adapted Chinese invention
e. Europe has unprecedented advantage on sea
C. Portugal and Spain Lead the Pack
1. Why Portugal?
a. Western geographic location
b. Rulers
1. Excitement of discovery
a. Could harm Muslim world
b. Could get really rich
c. Henry the Navigator – 1434 – African Coast
d. 1488 – Around Cape of Good Hope
e. 1498 – Vasco de Gama
1. Threatened by Spain – Columbus 1492
2. Four ships + Hindi pilot from Africa > India
3. Brought iron pots, gold for spices
4. Ships threatened, killed Indian merchants
f. Portuguese then hit Brazil, Africa, India, China, Japan
2. Why Spain?
a. Recently freed from Muslim rule
b. Missionary zeal
c. Desire for riches
d. 1492 – Columbus – India/Indies – earth round
1. Mistaken Americas > “Indians”
2. Amerigo Vespucci – realized New World
e. 1521 Magellan rounds Southern tip – heads to Indonesia
f. 16th century – Spanish sent military force to back up American claims
D. Northern European Expeditions
1. End of 16th century – Holland, France, England join game – why?
a. Strong, wealthy monarchies
b. Zealous Protestants want to rival Catholics
c. Spain/Portugal become complacent
d. N. Europe lighter, faster ships – 1588 Spanish Armada defeated – shift in power
e. Spain/Portugal already controlled S. America
1. N. European focused on N. America
2. Interest in Americas
a. Market for English woolens
b. Fish
c. French trappers
d. Nortwest passage – Hudson
3. Dutch freed from Spain – Holland begins exploring
a. Pushed Portuguese from Indonesia
b. S. Africa as relay station
4. Creation of trading companies
a. Dutch East India Company/British East India Company
b. Government monopolies of all commerce
c. Not supervised
d. Raise armies/coin money
e. Essentially more powerful than independent governments
1. Dutch ruled Taiwan
2. British ruled India
5. What were negatives of travel?
a. Tiring, uncertain future

III. Toward a World Economy
A. The “Columbian Exchange” of Disease and Food
1. Spread disease
a. Native Americans – no natural immunities to smallpox/measles
1. 50-80% casualties over 150 years
2. Wiped out earlier civilizations
3. Made possible for heavy European colonization
2. Crops
a. Corn/sweet potatoes to China
1. + new agricultural technology > population increases
2. 17th century has population pressure
3. 18th century – Europe major population change
3. Animal husbandry
a. Horses and cattle to New World – yeayyy…beasts of burden
B. The West’s Commercial Outreach
1. What was European effect on existing traders?
a. Did not totally displace
1. Muslims controlled E. Africa
b. Replaced some interregional traders
1. India > S. East Asia – think Malacca
c. European controlled ports
1. Contacts with overland traders
2. Access to inland goods
2. Indirect control set up – Western traders get special rights
a. Western merchants allowed freedom in foreign cities
1. Nagasaki, St. Petersburg, Constantinople
2. Supplemented regional economies
C. Imbalances in World Trade
1. Most active competition between Europe – see any global context – wars to come?
2. Spain failed – bad banking system
3. England, France, Holland – merchants already strong – core nations
a. What was the effect on these countries?
1. Pushed manufacturing, new markets for goods
2. Created mercantilism – nation-state must only trade with core nation
a. Stiff tariff (aka import tax) policies discouraged colonial mfg
4. Outside Europe, some regions became dependent, subservient
a. What goods did these regions offer?
1. Low cost goods – metals, cash crops – sugar, spice, tobacco, cotton
2. Human labor – sub-Saharan Africa supplies slaves
3. Exchanged for mfg. goods > guns, alcohol
D. A System of International Inequality
1. Global context – dependent nations then are the dependent nations today
a. Don’t exaggerate core-dependent system
1. Some regional princes/local leaders got rich also
2. Some not involved – local peasants aren’t touched by global econ.
b. But…what were the negatives?
1. Significant minorities fueling system
2. Latin/African merchants don’t control rules of trade
3. Wealth doesn’t stimulate local economies – mfg. not encouraged **
a. Forced to rely on imports, don’t become self-sufficient
4. Coercive labor systems spread
a. System only survives with cheap labor
b. Importation of African slaves to Americas
c. Encomienda system – estate agriculture – forces peasants
E. How Much World in the World Economy?
1. Those not in global economy don’t grow as fast – why?
a. Don’t have huge profits of European core nations
b. Technologies don’t change as rapidly
2. China – benefited, but participated on small scale
a. Refused to embrace all of Europe’s new technologies – firearms
b. Limited trade through Macao – which country controlled Macao?
c. So…bad, didn’t develop as fast, but good…didn’t become subservient
d. Chinese mfg. of luxury goods enough to keep pace
1. What…China manufactures goods? Really? I’ve never seen anything that says Made in China
2. Europeans loved Chinese goods – porcelain plates > China
3. Japan – initially open to Western missionaries, gunnery, shipping
a. Feudal wars interested in guns
b. But…guns kept out
1. Threat on samurai military dominance
2. Warring lords – balance of power would be destroyed
3. Made guns locally then…
c. Totally cut off trade, isolated for 17th to 19th century – Meiji Restoration
d. Only Nagasaki – Dutch port – kind of like Macao
4. India – Mughal Empire – 16th century
a. Encouraged small port colonies from Europeans
b. But…India focused mostly internally
5. Ottoman/Safaid Empires
a. Focused internally
b. Few European enclaves in key cities
6. Russia
a. Remains agricultural
b. Trades with nomadic peoples
7. Africa
a. Aside from sub-Sarahan slave regions, mostly ignored
F. The Expansionist Trend
1. First phase of dependent countries – S. America, W. Indies, N. America, W. Africa
2. Second phase – Southeast Asia
3. Third phase – India, Mughal Empire
a. British/French East India Companies controlled more of economy/admin
b. British passed high tariffs, stop import of cotton
1. Goal – India market for British goods
2. Source of gold income
c. India’s position gradually worsened, mfg. started to stall
4. Third phase – Eastern Europe
a. Growing western cities needed Eastern grain
b. Serfs on large Polish, Prussian, Russian estates
1. Like encomienda system, but European gov’ts stronger than Americ

IV. Colonial Expansion
A. The Americas: Loosely Controlled Colonies
1. Why was colonization of Americas possible?
a. Superior horses, guns, iron weapons
b. Population losses of Indians
c. Political disorder
2. What type of men led expeditions?
a. Adventurous, violent, treacherous, unscrupulous, money hungry
b. Vasco de Balboa – first colony on mainland – Panama
c. Francisco Pizarro – defeated Incas
3. What were the characteristics of colonies?
a. gold-hungry
b. loosely controlled by colonial govts back in Europe
c. Initially, natives allowed to exist, if they paid tribute
d. Administration/rule became more formalized
i. Expanse of agriculture
ii.Missionary efforts
B. British and French North America: Backwater Colonies
1. Types of early British colonies
a. Religious Calvinist refugees – New England
b. Huge land grants to people of influence – William Penn
2. French colonies in Canada
a. Originally to be manors
b. New France – Quebec
1. Strong role of Catholic church
c. British take control of Canada in 1764 after Seven Years War
1. French and Indian War if you’re studying US History
3. N. America not as valuable as W. Indies, Asian colonies, L. America
a. Important – this allowed US manufacturing to develop on own
1. US South looked like L. America – big estates + slaves
a. Wealthy planter class wants European luxury goods
b. Foundation of self-governing – “civil society”
1. Ran own assemblies
2. Church as center of organization
3. Consumers of Enlightened thinkers – Joh Locke
c. Little new art, part of Europe
d. Economy developed under salutary neglect
1. Merchant class started, had something to lose
2. Annoyed at tax hikes meant to pay for Seven Years War
e. Ease of displacing Indians
1. Few, no large empires
2. Not agriculture based, easy to displace
3. Disease
4. Did not combine with natives like in L. America
f. Slaves – by 18th century – 23% of English colonies slave
C. North America and Western Civilization
1. To what extent was European culture reproduced in America?
a. Family patterns similar, but…
1. Married younger, larger families < more land (cause)
2. Focus on nuclear family
3. Child-centeredness of American families – need labor to survive
D. Africa and Asia: Coastal Trading Stations
1. Not colonizing Africa, content to have fortresses on coast
a. Why not colonize? Climate, disease, nonnavigable rivers
2. European impact locations
a. Angola – Portugese go inland for slaves, disrupts society
b. Cape Colony – S. Africa – Dutch stop
a. Boer (farmers) spread out
b. After 1770, battle became for who would control – Boer/Indigenous
c. Philippines – Spain – missionary zeal
d. Indoneseia, Taiwan – Dutch
3. Fall of India
a. Mughal Empire weakening 17th century
b. British/French forts all over coasts
c. Centralized gov’t fails, move to regional leaders
d. Why does Britain beat France for control of India?
1. Station at Calcutta – base for income gathering
2. British gov’t listens closely to British East India Trading Co.
3. Superior navy – communication
4. Less focused on missionary work – tolerant of Hindi customs
e. Seven Years War – 1756 – catalyst 120 deaths of English prisoners
1. Allied selves with regional leaders, same as in Americas
f. British controlled, but Mughal Empire still existed
4. Pattern – Colonial administrations push for economic advantage
a. Open country to markets
b. Restrict from buying own goods
c. Commercial production of cheap foods/raw materials
E. Impact on Western Europe
1. Economically – pushed further industrial revolution
a. World trade, African slave trade
b. Brought in wealth, capital to be reinvested
c. Reduced dependence on agriculture
d. Additional tax revenues for governments
e. Militaries grew with larger tax revenues
2. Political – colonial rivalries create national conflict in Europe
a. Seven Years’ War – British/France in Europe, India, N. America
1. First world war
3. Food
a. Sugar now consumed by lower classes as well
1. Set precedent for Europeans – quick satisfaction, easy pleasure
F. Impact of a New World Order
1. Unfree labor systems
a. Slavery, serfdom affected E. Europe, L. America, W. Africa
2. New foods, societies could now survive, prosper
3. Individual merchants, landowners status improved
4. China prospered from silver income, lost from population rise
V. Global Connections
A. Europe’s economy, military, government changed
B. Reactions to Europe’s rise
1. Sit back and watch passively in awe
2. Consciously isolate self
3. Retained vibrant internal colonies
4. Blended European ideas with local customs
a. Religion in S. America
b. Distinct art forms