Henry David Thoreau
Civil disobedience
background Thoreau put into practice the ideas expressed in Ralph Waldo
Emerson’s “Self-Reliance.” In 1846, he spent a night in jail for refusing to pay a
poll tax—a tax one had to pay in order to vote—as an act of protest against the
U.S. government. Thoreau was enraged by the government’s support of slavery
and its war against Mexico, which he viewed as a case of a stronger country
overpowering a weaker one simply to expand its own borders. Inspired by his
experience in jail, Thoreau wrote this essay.

I heartily accept the motto, “That government is best which governs least;”
and I should like to see it acted up to more rapidly and systematically.
Carried out, it finally amounts to this, which also I believe,—“That
government is best which governs not at all;” and when men are prepared for
it, that will be the kind of government which they will have. Government
is at best but an expedient; but most governments are usually, and all
governments are sometimes, inexpedient. The objections which have a
been brought against a standing army, and they are many and weighty,
and deserve to prevail, may also at last be brought against a standing
government. The standing army is only an arm of the standing government.
The government itself, which is only the mode which the people have
chosen to execute their will, is equally liable to be abused and perverted
before the people can act through it. Witness the present Mexican war, the
work of comparatively a few individuals using the standing government as
their tool; for, in the outset, the people would not have consented to this
measure. . . .
But, to speak practically and as a citizen, unlike those who call themselves
no-government men, I ask for, not at once no government, but at once a

better government. Let every man make known what kind of government
would command his respect, and that will be one step toward obtaining it.
After all, the practical reason why, when the power is once in the hands
of the people, a majority are permitted, and for a long period continue,
to rule is not because they are most likely to be in the right, nor because
this seems fairest to the minority, but because they are physically the
strongest. But a government in which the majority rule in all cases cannot
be based on justice, even as far as men understand it. Can there not be a
government in which majorities do not virtually decide right and wrong,
but conscience?—in which majorities decide only those questions to which
the rule of expediency is applicable? Must the citizen ever for a moment,
or in the least degree, resign his conscience to the legislator? Why has every
man a conscience, then? I think that we should be men first, and subjects
afterward. It is not desirable to cultivate a respect for the law, so much as for
the right. The only obligation which I have a right to assume is to do at any
time what I think right. It is truly enough said, that a corporation has no
conscience; but a corporation of conscientious men is a corporation with a
conscience. Law never made men a whit more just; and, by means of their
respect for it, even the well-disposed are daily made the agents of injustice. b
A common and natural result of an undue respect for law is, that you may
see a file of soldiers, colonel, captain, corporal, privates, powder-monkeys,
and all, marching in admirable order over hill and dale to the wars, against
their wills, ay, against their common sense and consciences, which makes it
very steep marching indeed, and produces a palpitation of the heart. They
have no doubt that it is a damnable business in which they are concerned;
they are all peaceably inclined. Now, what are they? Men at all? or small
movable forts and magazines, at the service of some unscrupulous man
in power? Visit the Navy-Yard, and behold a marine, such a man as an
American government can make, or such as it can make a man with its black
arts—a mere shadow and reminiscence of humanity, a man laid out alive
and standing, and already, as one may say, buried under arms with funeral
accompaniments, though it may be,—
“Not a drum was heard, not a funeral note,
As his corse to the rampart we hurried;
Not a soldier discharged his farewell shot
O’er the grave where our hero we buried.”
The mass of men serve the state thus, not as men mainly, but as
machines, with their bodies. They are the standing army, and the militia,
jailers, constables, posse comitatus, etc. In most cases there is no free exercise
whatever of the judgment or of the moral sense; but they put themselves
on a level with wood and earth and stones; and wooden men can perhaps
be manufactured that will serve the purpose as well. Such command no
more respect than men of straw or a lump of dirt. They have the same sort
of worth only as horses and dogs. Yet such as these even are commonly

esteemed good citizens. Others—as most legislators, politicians, lawyers,
ministers, and office-holders—serve the state chiefly with their heads; and,
as they rarely make any moral distinctions, they are as likely to serve the
Devil, without intending it, as God. A very few—as heroes, patriots, martyrs,
reformers in the great sense, and men—serve the state with their consciences
also, and so necessarily resist it for the most part; and they are commonly
treated as enemies by it. . . . c
Unjust laws exist: shall we be content to obey them, or shall we endeavor to
amend them, and obey them until we have succeeded or shall we transgress
them at once? Men generally, under such a government as this, think that
they ought to wait until they have persuaded the majority to alter them.
They think that, if they should resist, the remedy would be worse than the
evil. But it is the fault of the government itself that the remedy is worse than
the evil. It makes it worse. Why is it not more apt to anticipate and provide
for reform? Why does it not cherish its wise minority? Why does it cry and
resist before it is hurt? Why does it not encourage its citizens to be on the
alert to point out its faults, and do better than it would have them? Why
does it always crucify Christ, and excommunicate Copernicus and Luther,
and pronounce Washington and Franklin rebels? . . . d
If the injustice is part of the necessary friction of the machine of
government, let it go, let it go: perchance it will wear smooth, certainly the
machine will wear out. If the injustice has a spring, or a pulley, or a rope, or
a crank, exclusively for itself, then perhaps you may consider whether the
remedy will not be worse than the evil; but if it is of such a nature that it
requires you to be the agent of injustice to another, then, I say, break the
law. Let your life be a counter-friction to stop the machine. What I have
to do is to see, at any rate, that I do not lend myself to the wrong which
I condemn. . . .
I meet this American government, or its representative, the state
government, directly, and face to face, once a year—no more—in the
person of its tax-gatherer; this is the only mode in which a man situated
as I am necessarily meets it; and it then says distinctly, Recognize me;
and the simplest, most effectual, and, in the present posture of affairs, the
indispensablest mode of treating with it on this head, of expressing your
little satisfaction with and love for it, is to deny it then. My civil neighbor,
the tax-gatherer, is the very man I have to deal with,—for it is, after all,
with men and not with parchment that I quarrel,—and he has voluntarily
chosen to be an agent of the government. How shall he ever know well
what he is and does as an officer of the government, or as a man, until he is
obliged to consider whether he shall treat me, his neighbor, for whom he has
respect, as a neighbor and well-disposed man, or as a maniac and disturber
of the peace, and see if he can get over this obstruction to his neighborliness
without a ruder and more impetuous thought or speech corresponding with
his action. I know this well, that if one thousand, if one hundred, if ten men

romanticism
whom I could name,—if ten honest men only,—ay, if one honest man, in
this State of Massachusetts, ceasing to hold slaves, were actually to withdraw
from this copartnership, and be locked up in the county jail therefor, it
would be the abolition of slavery in America. For it matters not how small
the beginning may seem to be: what is once well done is done forever. But
we love better to talk about it: that we say is our mission. Reform keeps
many scores of newspapers in its service, but not one man. . . .
Under a government which imprisons any unjustly, the true place for a
just man is also a prison. The proper place today, the only place which
Massachusetts has provided for her freer and less desponding spirits, is in
her prisons, to be put out and locked out of the State by her own act, as
they have already put themselves out by their principles. It is there that the
fugitive slave, and the Mexican prisoner on parole, and the Indian come to
plead the wrongs of his race should find them; on that separate, but more
free and honorable ground, where the State places those who are not with
her, but against her,—the only house in a slave State in which a free man can
abide with honor. If any think that their influence would be lost there, and
their voices no longer afflict the ear of the State, that they would not be as
an enemy within its walls, they do not know by how much truth is stronger
than error, nor how much more eloquently and effectively he can combat
injustice who has experienced a little in his own person. Cast your whole
vote, not a strip of paper merely, but your whole influence. A minority is
powerless while it conforms to the majority; it is not even a minority then;
but it is irresistible when it clogs by its whole weight. If the alternative is
to keep all just men in prison, or give up war and slavery, the State will not
hesitate which to choose. If a thousand men were not to pay their tax bills

this year, that would not be a violent and bloody measure, as it would be
to pay them, and enable the State to commit violence and shed innocent
blood. This is, in fact, the definition of a peaceable revolution, if any such
is possible. If the tax-gatherer, or any other public officer, asks me, as one
has done, “But what shall I do?” my answer is, “If you really wish to do
anything, resign your office.” When the subject has refused allegiance, and
the officer has resigned his office, then the revolution is accomplished. But
even suppose blood should flow. Is there not a sort of blood shed when the
conscience is wounded? Through this wound a man’s real manhood and
immortality flow out, and he bleeds to an everlasting death. I see this blood
flowing now. . . . e
I have paid no poll-tax for six years. I was put into a jail once on this
account, for one night; and, as I stood considering the walls of solid stone,
two or three feet thick, the door of wood and iron, a foot thick, and the
iron grating which strained the light, I could not help being struck with the
foolishness of that institution which treated me as if I were mere flesh and
blood and bones, to be locked up. I wondered that it should have concluded
at length that this was the best use it could put me to, and had never
thought to avail itself of my services in some way. I saw that, if there was a
wall of stone between me and my townsmen, there was a still more difficult
one to climb or break through before they could get to be as free as I was.
I did not for a moment feel confined, and the walls seemed a great waste
of stone and mortar. I felt as if I alone of all my townsmen had paid my
tax. They plainly did not know how to treat me, but behaved like persons
who are underbred. In every threat and in every compliment there was a
blunder; for they thought that my chief desire was to stand the other side of

that stone wall. I could not but smile to see how industriously they locked
the door on my meditations, which followed them out again without let or
hindrance, and they were really all that was dangerous. As they could not
reach me, they had resolved to punish my body; just as boys, if they cannot
come at some person against whom they have a spite, will abuse his dog. I
saw that the State was half-witted, that it was timid as a lone woman with
her silver spoons, and that it did not know its friends from its foes, and
I lost all my remaining respect for it, and pitied it.
Thus the State never intentionally confronts a man’s sense, intellectual
or moral, but only his body, his senses. It is not armed with superior wit or
honesty, but with superior physical strength. I was not born to be forced.
I will breathe after my own fashion. Let us see who is the strongest. What
force has a multitude? They only can force me who obey a higher law than I.
They force me to become like themselves. I do not hear of men being forced
to live this way or that by masses of men. What sort of life were that to live?
When I meet a government which says to me, “Your money or your life,”
why should I be in haste to give it my money? It may be in a great strait, and
not know what to do: I cannot help that. It must help itself; do as I do. It is
not worth the while to snivel about it. I am not responsible for the successful
working of the machinery of society. I am not the son of the engineer. I
perceive that, when an acorn and a chestnut fall side by side, the one does
not remain inert to make way for the other, but both obey their own laws,
and spring and grow and flourish as best they can, till one, perchance,
overshadows and destroys the other. If a plant cannot live according to its
nature, it dies; and so a man.